chapter 6 part 2 Flashcards
What is Operant Conditioning?
learning to behave in a certain way based on the results of that behavior. behaviors are either punished or reinforced, which decreases or increases the likelihood of a behavior continuing.
What is punishment?
is something that is intended to decrease behavior. Punishments can either be positive or negative, meaning they either add something or take away something.
Positive punishments add something bad.
Negative punishments take away something good.
What is a Reinforcement? (aka reward)
is something that is intended to increase behavior. Reinforcements can either be positive or negative, meaning that they either add something or take away something.
Positive reinforcements add something good.
Negative reinforcement takes away something bad.
What is Shaping?
rewarding behaviors that get progressively closer to the desired behavioral goal.
Primary Reinforcers?
reinforcers that are naturally rewarding for humans, like water, food, sleep, pleasure, comfortable temperatures, etc.
Second Reinforcers?
reinforcers that aren’t naturally rewarding on their own, but are connected to a primary reinforcer.
Example:
Money is an example of a secondary reinforcer. Token systems or sticker charts are also examples of secondary reinforcers.
What are reinforcement schedules?
how often someone gets rewarded for a behavior
Continuous reinforcement- getting a reward every time you do a desired behavior.
Partial reinforcement - getting a reward only some of the time when you do a desired behavior.
How many Partial Reinforcement are there?
three: Fixed Interval, Fixed Ratio, and Intermittent.
What’s Fixed Interval?
you get a reward at predictable time intervals, like every five minutes.
What’s a fixed Ratio?
you get a reward every time you perform a desired behavior a certain number of times.
What is Intermittent?
you receive rewards at random for desired behaviors.
What is Latent Learning?
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
What is a cognitive Map?
A mental Layout of an environment.
Whats Observational Learning?
learning by watching others and then imitating them.
Example:
you tube makeup tutorials. The youtuber is the “model” because they are performing the behavior that you want to imitate.
What is Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandera (American psychologist)
More complex than just observation learning because we’re not just imitating.
(Bobo the doll)
We can learn what not to do by watching others.
We learn to generalize behaviors to other situations and environments.
