Chapter 6 - Panic & Anxiety

Question 1

Anxiety

Answer 1

General fear about possible future danger

Question 2

Fear

Answer 2

Alarm response that occurs due to immediate danger

Question 3

What was the distinction historically between anxiety and fear?

Answer 3

It was cantered on how obvious the source of danger was.

• less obvious led to anxiety
• obvious led to fear

Question 4

Fear/panic is the basic emotion involved in the activation of

Answer 4

The fight or flight response of the autonomic nervous system

Question 5

Fear with no external cause is know as a? And includes a sense of?

Answer 5

Panic attack

Impending doom

Question 6

What are the three essential components of fear and panic?

Answer 6

Cognitive/subjective: I’m going to die
Physiology: elevated heart rate and heavy breathing
Behavioural: strong urge to escape or flee

Question 7

Anxiety is more oriented towards the? And more ____ than fear

Answer 7

To the future, diffuse

Question 8

What is commonly associated with all anxiety disorders

Answer 8

Unrealistic, irrational fears or anxiety that causes signification distress or impairment in functioning

Question 9

What are the five primary types of anxiety disorder recognized by the DSM-5

Answer 9

Specific phobia, panic disorder, aGoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or social phobia

Question 10

What are the commonalties on a biological level for anxiety disorders

Answer 10

They all have genetic components and this may be non-specific to a disorder

Question 11

What are the commonalties for basic psychological causes of anxiety disorders

Answer 11

People with this disorder are all high neuroticism, classical conditioning also plays a role because people who feel no control over the situation are at a greater risk for anxiety disorders

Question 12

What are two common treatments to anxiety disorders? And for which disorder does one of them not work for

Answer 12

Graduated exposure to fears or anti-anxiety and antidepressant drugs but they don’t work for specific phobias

Question 13

Where are specific phobias

Answer 13

Strong and persistent fear recognize as excessive or unreasonable in response to a specific object or situation

Question 14

What are some subtypes of specific phobias

Answer 14

Animal: snakes, spiders, dogs. Natural environment: storms, Heights, water. Situational: public transport tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying. Blood injection injury phobia. Other: choking, vomiting, space phobia which is a fear of falling down if away from walls are other support

Question 15

What is blood injection injury phobia And how is it different from other types of phobias ?

Answer 15

Is the sight of blood or injury or receiving an injection. Instead of showing a simple increase in heart rate and blood pressure like most phobias, they show initial acceleration followed by a dramatic drop in heart rate and blood pressure accompanied by nausea dizziness or fainting which does not occur with other specific phobias

Question 16

true or false? A specific phobias and more common in men

Answer 16

False, they are more common in women

Question 17

T or F? Specific phobias are very common and age of onset difference quite a bit

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the cause of specific phobias from a psycho analytic viewpoint

Answer 18

Defence against anxiety stemming from repressed ID impulses

Question 19

When is the cause of specific phobias from a learned behaviour or classical conditioning perspective

Answer 19

The fear response can be readily conditions a previously neutral stimulus I when paired with a Trumatic or painful event. Once acquired the fear with generalized to other similar objects or situations

Question 20

Explain vicarious conditioning as a subtype of classical conditioning in a cause for specific phobias

Answer 20

Watching a phobic person behaves fearfully with his or her phobic object to come is all in fear being transmitted to the observer through vicarious or observational classical conditioning

Question 21

Individual difference in learning for classical conditioning as a cause for specific phobias. Given all the drama people undergo how doesn’t everyone developed a phobia?

Answer 21

Some life experiences may serve as a risk factor to make people more vulnerable. Some experiences may be protective factors that protect people from the development of phobias.

Question 22

Give an example using protective and risk factors

Answer 22

Children with a lot of OK experiences at the dentist are less likely to develop a dentist phobia after one bad visit versus another child who has had fewer previous fun visit to the dentist.

Question 23

What is the role of evolutionary preparedness for classical conditioning in the development of specific phobias

Answer 23

We can see that most for phobias they are mostly to water, snacks, height, enclosed spaces compared to guns and chainsaws Even though those are more likely to cause harm. This is called prepared learning: primate seem to evolutionarily pair certain objects with frightening or unpleasant events due to her evolutionary history. They are not innate, rather easily acquired

Question 24

What are the two biological causes for specific phobias

Answer 24

Genetics and temperament

Question 25

How is genetics involved in the biological causes of specific phobias

Answer 25

Monozygotic twins are more likely to share phobias than dizygotic twins. Those who carry the neuroticism allele are more likely to show superior fear conditioning

Question 26

How is temperament involved in the biological cause of specific phobias?

Answer 26

Behaviourally and have a good temperament so excessively timid shy and easily distressed, is the link to hire vulnerability and phobias

Question 27

What is a common treatment for a specific phobias and less how this can be done in three ways

Answer 27

I’m common treatment as exposure therapy: control exposure to the fear fucking stimulus. Can be done using participant modeling: therapist call me models ways of interacting with the phobic’s to me as her situation. Virtual reality components. Cognitive technique combinations