Chapter 6 - Models For Human Memory

Question 0

Encoding

Answer 0

Encoding is the process of converting information into a useable form so that it can be represented and stored in memory.

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Defined as the processing, storage, and retrieval of information acquired through learning.

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

Storage is the retention of information in memory over time.

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Retrieval is the process of locating and recovering the stored information from memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

Question 4

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store memory

Answer 4

Memory consisting of 3 separate components: sensory register, short term store and the long term store.

Question 5

Control processes (Atkin)

Answer 5

in the Atkinson–Shiffrin multi- store model, an activity that is consciously performed to assist the memory process, such as attention and maintenance rehearsal

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

Entry point of memory where new information is stored for a very brief period. Info received by each sensory system is retained as an exact copy of its original “RAW” sensory form.

Question 7

Ionic memory

Answer 7

• visual memory
• images are held in retina for 0.2-0.3 seconds
• unlimited capacity
• allows fluid vision of moving subjects

Question 8

Echoic memory

Answer 8

• registers and retains all kinds of sound
• duration of 3-4 seconds
• unlimited capacity

Question 9

Short term Memory (STM)

Answer 9

• limited capacity 7+-2 items
• limited duration: 18-25 seconds
• contains everything that you are consciously aware of at any moment and paying attention to.

Question 10

How to increase capacity of STM?

Answer 10

CHUNKING

Question 11

How to increase Duration of STM?

Answer 11

MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL

Question 12

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 12

• linking new information to old information in LTM
• meaningfully linking together two or more pieces of new info
• linking new info to real life (everyday examples)

Question 13

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

Involves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that it can be retained in STM or Working memory.

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

Emphasises the part of memory where information is temporarily held and actively “worked on” as we undertake our everyday tasks.

Question 15

Serial position effect

Answer 15

Tendency to recall items from the beginning and end of a list while losing items from the middle of the list.

Question 16

Serial position effect, why are items in the BEGINNING recalled?

Answer 16

Because they are rehearsed and transferred to LTM - results in PRIMACY EFFECT.

Question 17

Primacy effect

Answer 17

Describes superior recall of items in he beginning of a list.

Question 18

Serial position effect: why are items from the end of the list recalled?

Answer 18

Because they are still “live” in STM, this results in RECENCY effect.

Question 19

RECENCY effect

Answer 19

Describes superior recall of items at the end of a list.

Question 20

Baddest and Hitch’s model of working memory

Answer 20

Describes the structure and function of working memory and it’s 3 sub-systems.

Question 21

Name the 3 sub-systems of working memory.

Answer 21

1. Phonological loop
2. Visuo-spatial sketchpad
3. Central executive

Question 22

Phonological loop

Answer 22

Verbal working memory - “inner voice”, stores a limited amount of sounds received echoic memory or LTM.

Question 23

Visuo-special sketchpad

Answer 23

Visual and spatial working memory - “inner eye” refers to our awareness of objects around at any one time. Anything you can see or visualise.

Question 24

Central executive

Answer 24

Makes executive decisions about how we use this information while it is held in Working memory. Controls attention, integrates information and coordinates the flow of information between the working memory system and long- term memory

Question 25

Episodic buffer

Answer 25

Sub-system functions as a ‘slave’ of the central executive:

• finds relevant information in LTM and brings it into WMD
• links this info to new info it receives from the phonological loop and the Visuo-spatial sketchpad.
• makes this newly integrated information available to the central executive.

Question 26

Craik and Lockhart’s theory

Answer 26

Levels of processing framework. Proposes that the level, or ‘depth’, at which we process information during learning determines how well it is stored in LTM.

Question 27

C&L Theory continued

Answer 27

The deeper the processing, the mor successfully the information is encoded and stored.

• very shallow processing: (maintenance rehearsal) it will be less efficiently stored.
• shallow, intermediate, deep processing

Question 28

Shallow processing (maintenance rehearsal)

Answer 28

Type: structural - physical appearance of info.

- less likely remembered, poorly encoded and stored.

Question 29

Intermediate processing

Answer 29

Type: Phonemic - includes sounds as well as image.

- better storage and retrieval

Question 30

Deep processing (elaborative rehearsal)

Answer 30

Type: Semantic - according to meaningfulness.

- produces long lasting memory traces.

Question 31

Long term memory

Answer 31

Relatively permanent, unlimited store house of info that has been drawn and consolidated from short-term (working) memory.

Question 32

Procedural memory

Answer 32

LTM of how how to perform certain tasks.

Question 33

Declarative memory

Answer 33

Memories can only be demonstrated if stated out loud. Facts and events.

Question 34

Semantic memory (declarative)

Answer 34

LTM of factual info.

Question 35

Episodic memory (declarative)

Answer 35

LTM of events you have witnesses or have been involved in.

Question 36

Explicit Memory

Answer 36

(Declarative memory) - information has to be consciously retrieved and stated.

Question 37

Implicit memory

Answer 37

(Procedural memory) does not involve conscious or intentional retrieved.

Question 38

Semantic Network theory

Answer 38

Proposes that information