Chapter 6 Metabolism Flashcards
1 Which item represents a greater-than-expected decrease in energy expenditure due to weight loss?
Energy deficit
Energy balance
Weight cycling
Adaptive thermogenesis
Adaptive thermogenesis
2 Which item represents the processes of your body and cells maintaining their living functions?
Energy balance
Metabolism
Energy flux
Thermic effect of feeding
Metabolism
3 For body fat and body weight to increase, which of the following must be true?
Energy going into the body from food must exceed energy leaving the body.
Body fat and body weight can increase regardless of energy intake from food.
Energy going into the body from food is equal to energy leaving the body.
Energy going into the body from food must be less than energy leaving the body.
Energy going into the body from food must exceed energy leaving the body.
4 Obesity is the result of which of the following?
Chronic energy deficit
Chronic energy balance
Chronic energy surplus
Acute energy surplus
Chronic energy surplus
5 A person consumes 3,500 kcal of food and expends 3,500 kcal. What will happen to body weight?
It will increase.
It will fluctuate between periods of increasing and decreasing.
It will remain stable.
It will decrease.
It will remain stable.
6 Which of the following represents the “in” portion of energy balance?
Physical activity
Heat
The sun
Food
Food
7 What are the three components of TDEE?
Resting Metabolic Rate, Physical Activity Level, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity
Resting Metabolic Rate, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity
Thermic Effect of Feeding, Thermic Effect of Physical Activity, and NEAT
Resting Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Feeding, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity
Resting Metabolic Rate, Thermic Effect of Feeding, and Thermic Effect of Physical Activity
8 Approximately what percentage of TDEE does RMR make up?
0.1
1
50 to 75%
25 to 50%
50 to 75%
9 Which body component is the biggest driver of RMR?
Bone
Fat
Muscle
Internal organs
Internal organs
10 Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between RMR and body weight change?
A person with a low RMR relative to body size is not more likely to gain weight than someone with a high RMR relative to body size.
A person with a low RMR relative to body size is more likely to gain weight than someone with a high RMR relative to body size.
A person with a high RMR relative to body size is more likely to lose weight than a person with a low RMR relative to body size.
A person with a high RMR relative to body size is more likely to gain weight than a person with a low RMR relative to body size.
A person with a low RMR relative to body size is not more likely to gain weight than someone with a high RMR relative to body size.
11 Shelly has stopped losing weight. She thinks it is because she dropped her calorie intake too low and that her body is in “starvation mode.” Which of the following is most likely to be true?
Shelly’s TEF has decreased to such a low level that it has stopped her weight loss.
Shelly is underreporting food intake and/or has dramatically decreased her physical activity levels.
Both RMR and TEF have decreased to such a low level that it has stopped her weight loss.
Shelly’s RMR has decreased to such a low level that it has stopped her weight loss.
Shelly is underreporting food intake and/or has dramatically decreased her physical activity levels.
12 TEF comprises what percentage of TDEE?
25 to 50%
8 to 10%
50 to 75%
< 5%
8 to 10%
13 Which of the following are components of TEPA?
Exercise and NEAT
NEAT and RMR
NEAT and TEF
Exercise and TEF
Exercise and NEAT
14 What percentage of TDEE does TEPA make up?
50 to 75% depending on activity levels
< 25%
8 to 10% depending on activity levels
15 to 50% depending on activity levels
15 to 50% depending on activity levels
What is NEAT?
The energy expended to maintain life functions
The energy expended from exercise
The energy expended from all physical activity other than planned exercise
The energy expended from all physical activity
The energy expended from all physical activity other than planned exercise
16 Which of the following happens to NEAT with weight loss?
It increases more than expected based on the weight loss alone.
It decreases more than expected based on the weight loss alone.
It does not change with weight loss.
It decreases proportional to weight loss.
It decreases more than expected based on the weight loss alone.
17 Which of the following is true regarding RMR in individuals with and without obesity?
When corrected for FFM, there is no difference in RMR between individuals with obesity and individuals without.
When corrected for FFM, individuals with obesity have a lower RMR than individuals without.
When corrected for fat mass, there is no difference in RMR between individuals with obesity and individuals without.
When corrected for FFM, individuals with obesity have a higher RMR than individuals without.
When corrected for FFM, there is no difference in RMR between individuals with obesity and individuals without.
18 What is the impact of obesity on TEF?
It increases TEF.
It may not impact TEF, or if it does, the impact is very small.
It decreases TEF.
The impact is unknown.
It may not impact TEF, or if it does, the impact is very small.
19 Which of the following is true regarding TDEE with increasing body weight?
Relative TDEE and TEPA remain constant with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE increases but relative TEPA declines with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE and TEPA decline with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE and TEPA increase with increasing body weight.
Relative TDEE and TEPA decline with increasing body weight.
20 What role do genes play in the obesity epidemic?
Genetics have been a main contributor to the obesity epidemic independent of the environment.
There are 30 genetic syndromes that have contributed to the obesity epidemic.
A combination of genes can determine a person’s susceptibility to becoming obese in the modern-day food environment.
The human genome has changed during the obesity epidemic in favor of increased obesity.
A combination of genes can determine a person’s susceptibility to becoming obese in the modern-day food environment.
21 Which of the following describes set point theory?
The body has an internal control mechanism that regulates metabolism to maintain weight at a predetermined level.
The body has an external control mechanism that regulates metabolism to maintain weight at a predetermined level.
Wide availability of energy dense, highly palatable, highly rewarding, and processed food
The body will better maintain weight when energy expenditure and energy intake are both high.
The body has an internal control mechanism that regulates metabolism to maintain weight at a predetermined level.
22 What does set point theory predict will happen when a person loses weight?
Increase in appetite and increase in TDEE
Decrease in appetite and increase in TDEE
Decrease in appetite and decrease in TDEE
Increase in appetite and decrease in TDEE
Increase in appetite and decrease in TDEE
23 What is the asymmetric model of set point theory?
The body’s signals to resist an energy surplus are stronger than to resist an energy deficit.
The body’s signals to change body weight in either direction are stronger than to maintain body weight.
The body’s signals to resist an energy deficit are stronger than to resist an energy surplus.
The body’s signals to resist an energy surplus are similar to the body’s signals to resist an energy deficit.
The body’s signals to resist an energy deficit are stronger than to resist an energy surplus.
24 Which of the following is a major limitation of the set point model?
The body’s signals to resist an energy deficit are stronger than to resist an energy surplus.
NEAT often decreases in response to a calorie deficit.
Appetite often increases in response to a calorie deficit.
Biological control of body weight can be overridden by the food environment.
Biological control of body weight can be overridden by the food environmen
25 John has been losing weight but he is feeling extremely hungry. Which of the following steps might John take to help mitigate some of his hunger?
Decrease intake of ultra-processed foods.
Decrease protein intake.
Increase intake of high-energy density foods.
Increase intake of ultra-processed foods.
Decrease intake of ultra-processed foods.
26 Sherri has been losing weight. Which of the following might she do to mitigate some of the changes in TEPA that can occur with weight loss?
Increase protein intake
Increase daily step counts
Decrease exercise volume
Increase fiber intake
Increase daily step counts
27 What is energy flux?
Rate of energy movement out of the body
Rate of energy movement in and out of the body
Total Daily Energy Expenditure
Rate of energy movement in the body
Rate of energy movement in and out of the body
28 Why is energy flux not a good explanation for the obesity epidemic?
Calorie intake has remained steady during the obesity epidemic.
Calorie intake has decreased during the obesity epidemic.
Energy expenditure has decreased during the obesity epidemic.
Energy expenditure has not decreased during the obesity epidemic.
Energy expenditure has not decreased during the obesity epidemic.
29 Why is the energy flux model useful for long-term weight maintenance?
People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when energy flux is moderate.
People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when energy flux is low.
People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when reported calorie intakes are low.
People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when physical activity levels are high.
People are more successful at maintaining long-term weight loss when physical activity levels are high.
30 How does the response compare between an energy deficit created by diet versus exercise?
There’s a strong increase in appetite with diet but not with exercise.
There’s a strong increase in appetite in both conditions.
There’s a decrease in appetite with exercise but an increase with diet.
There’s a strong increase in appetite with exercise but not diet.
There’s a strong increase in appetite with diet but not with exercise.
31 What is TEF?
The energy expended to do muscular work
The energy expended through all physical activity other than formal, planned exercise
The energy required to maintain vital life functions at rest
The energy expended to digest food
The energy expended to digest food
32 What is RMR?
The energy expended to digest food
The energy required to maintain vital life functions at rest
The energy expended to do muscular work
The energy expended through all physical activity other than formal, planned exercise
The energy required to maintain vital life functions at rest
33 Which equation would represent TDEE?
TDEE = RMR + TEF + TEPA
TDEE = RMR + TEF
TDEE = TEPA + TEF
TDEE = RMR + TEPA
TDEE = RMR + TEF + TEPA
34 Which of the following represents the largest portion of energy expenditure in most people?
NEAT
RMR
TEF
TEPA
RMR
35 Which of the following represents the portion of energy expenditure over which people have the most control?
TEF
TEPA
RMR
RMR and TEF combined
TEPA
