Chapter 6 Memory

Question 1

Stages of Memory

Answer 1

1. sensory memory (.25 - 3 secs)
2. short term memory (20 seconds)
3. long term memory (potentially permanent)

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The process of initially storing information into our memory

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The process of retaining information in our memory

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of recovering our stored information

Question 5

Short-term memory (aka working memory)

Answer 5

1. New information is transferred from sensory memory
2. Old information is retrieved from long term memory
3. Limited capacity for information
4. Lasts about 20 seconds

Question 6

Chunking

Answer 6

Grouping items together into a single unit. DVDFBIUSACIA

Question 7

Long-term memory and the role of rehearsal

Answer 7

Storage of information over a long period of time. Elaborative rehearsal is focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.

Question 8

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 8

Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

Question 9

Forgetting

Answer 9

Inability to recall information that was once known

Question 10

Poor encoding

Answer 10

Never encoded the information into long-term memory in the first place

Question 11

Decay theory

Answer 11

We forget because we don’t use the memories.

Question 12

Interference theory

Answer 12

Forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory. When a new memory interferes with an old one.

Question 13

Retrieval-cue theory

Answer 13

Retrieval due to absence of cues is sometimes also called cue-dependent forgetting. This is a theory as to why we cannot recall from long term memory. The suggestion is that internal (such as mood state) and external (such as temperature and smell) cues can help facilitate recall of a long term memory.

Question 14

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 14

Tip of the tongue (or TOT) is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.

Question 15

Retroactive interference

Answer 15

Retroactive interference (new bike lock mixes with old bike lock).

Question 16

Proactive interference

Answer 16

Proactive interference. When you say an old lovers name.

Question 17

Recall versus recognition

Answer 17

Recognition is easier than recall. Multiple-choice tests are generally easier than fill-in-the-blanks tests or essays because it is easier to recognize the correct answer out of a group of possibilities than it is to have to dredge up the answer out of one’s own head.

Question 18

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 18

The encoding specificity principle provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.[

Question 19

Context dependent effects

Answer 19

In psychology, context-dependent memory is the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. One particularly common example of context-dependence at work occurs when an individual has lost an item (e.g. lost car keys) in an unknown location. Typically, people try to systematically “retrace their steps” to determine all of the possible places where the item might be located.

Question 20

State dependent effects

Answer 20

State-dependent memory or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

Question 21

Memory distortion and Loftus’s experiment

Answer 21

She has people watch a film of an automobile accident. Then based on the interview wording, people would remember different things. They prove the post event exposure to misinformation can cause memory distortion