Chapter 6 Memory Flashcards
Stages of Memory
- sensory memory (.25 - 3 secs)
- short term memory (20 seconds)
- long term memory (potentially permanent)
Encoding
The process of initially storing information into our memory
Storage
The process of retaining information in our memory
Retrieval
The process of recovering our stored information
Short-term memory (aka working memory)
- New information is transferred from sensory memory
- Old information is retrieved from long term memory
- Limited capacity for information
- Lasts about 20 seconds
Chunking
Grouping items together into a single unit. DVDFBIUSACIA
Long-term memory and the role of rehearsal
Storage of information over a long period of time. Elaborative rehearsal is focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.
Anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.
Forgetting
Inability to recall information that was once known
Poor encoding
Never encoded the information into long-term memory in the first place
Decay theory
We forget because we don’t use the memories.
Interference theory
Forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory. When a new memory interferes with an old one.
Retrieval-cue theory
Retrieval due to absence of cues is sometimes also called cue-dependent forgetting. This is a theory as to why we cannot recall from long term memory. The suggestion is that internal (such as mood state) and external (such as temperature and smell) cues can help facilitate recall of a long term memory.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Tip of the tongue (or TOT) is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.
Retroactive interference
Retroactive interference (new bike lock mixes with old bike lock).
Proactive interference
Proactive interference. When you say an old lovers name.
Recall versus recognition
Recognition is easier than recall. Multiple-choice tests are generally easier than fill-in-the-blanks tests or essays because it is easier to recognize the correct answer out of a group of possibilities than it is to have to dredge up the answer out of one’s own head.
Encoding specificity principle
The encoding specificity principle provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.[
Context dependent effects
In psychology, context-dependent memory is the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. One particularly common example of context-dependence at work occurs when an individual has lost an item (e.g. lost car keys) in an unknown location. Typically, people try to systematically “retrace their steps” to determine all of the possible places where the item might be located.
State dependent effects
State-dependent memory or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
Memory distortion and Loftus’s experiment
She has people watch a film of an automobile accident. Then based on the interview wording, people would remember different things. They prove the post event exposure to misinformation can cause memory distortion
