Chapter 1 Introduction: The Origins of Psychology

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

A tentative statement that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

A tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables

Question 3

The Scientific Method

Answer 3

A set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions

Question 4

Operational definition

Answer 4

Defines the variable
in very specific terms as to how it will be measured, manipulated,
or changed

Question 5

Setting-field vs laboratory

Answer 5

Field experiments are carried out in the real world. Laboratory are controlled experiments in a lab. Field is more real. Experiment is more precise.

Question 6

Self-report vs observation

Answer 6

People answer on their own behave vs people being observed.

Question 7

Descriptive research

Answer 7

Strategies for observing and describing a behavior. I.E. when certain behaviors take place, how often they occur, and whether they are related to other factors, such as age, ethnic group, or education levels

Question 8

Correlational research

Answer 8

Research to determine how strongly two variables are related to each other

Question 9

Experimental research

Answer 9

The experimental method is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship
between two variables.

Question 10

Random assignment

Answer 10

Random assignment means that all the participants have an equal
chance of being assigned to any of the experimental groups or conditions.

Question 11

Placebo

Answer 11

“Sugar pill” or other inactive substance or procedure

Question 12

Double-blind study

Answer 12

Both the participants and the researchers interacting with them
are blind, or unaware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have
been assigned.

Question 13

Demand characteristics

Answer 13

It’s when the researcher inadvertently gives cues that may cause a confounding variable to occur which compromises the validity of the test

Question 14

Informed consent

Answer 14

Informed consent is the process by which the treating health care provider discloses appropriate information to a competent patient so that the patient may make a voluntary choice to accept or refuse treatment.

Question 15

Confidentiality

Answer 15

In their writing, lectures, or other
public forums, psychologists may
not disclose personally identifiable
information about research
participants.

Question 16

Debriefing

Answer 16

All participants
must be provided with the opportunity
to obtain information about the
nature, results, and conclusions of
the research. Psychologists are also
obligated to debrief the participants
and to correct any misconceptions
that participants may have had about
the research.
From

Question 17

The influence of philosophy and physiology

Answer 17

Aristotle philosophized about sleep, dreams, senses, and memory. Descartes discussed interactive dualism mind and body as separate entities.
Physiology is the study of the function of the body. Damage to one side of the brain affected the other. Certain parts of the brain handled specific actions

Question 18

Nativism vs Empricism

Answer 18

Nativism - The theory that mental structures and capacity is innate vs learned.
Empiricism - Knowledge is gained from sense experiences.

Question 19

Wilheim Wundt

Answer 19

German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory

Question 20

Edward B. Titchener

Answer 20

American Psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology

Question 21

William James

Answer 21

American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the U.S. and established the psychological school called functionalism

Question 22

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 22

American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the U.S.; founded the American Psychological Association.

Question 23

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 23

American psychologist who established one of the first U.S. psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 24

Psychoanalysis

Answer 24

A theory of personality and form of psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in the determining behavior and personality

Question 25

Behaviorism

Answer 25

Based on Ivan Pavlov’s research. Behaviorism founded by John. B. Watson. Behaviorism rejected the study of mental processes and emphasized the study of observable behavior, especially the principles of learning

Question 26

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 26

Founded by Carl Rogers. Emphasized the psychological growth and the importance of choice in human behavior.

Question 27

Positive Psychology

Answer 27

Studies emotions, states, traits, and institutions that foster positive individuals and communities.

Question 28

Structuralism

Answer 28

The structuralists used introspection to try to identify the structures of conscious experiences

Question 29

Functionalism

Answer 29

Emphasized the adaptive role of behavior.

Question 30

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 30

Focus on mental processes such as memory, language, learning, thinking, and problem solving.

Question 31

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 31

Evolution as an explanation of our psychological processes.

Question 32

Specialty areas or sub disciplines in Psychology

Answer 32

Biological - Study of physical
Clinical - All things disorder
Cognitive - Looking at mental processes
Counseling - Helping people cope
Developmental - Studying the life stages
Education - Applying psychology to how people learn (for the masses)
School - Applying psychology to schools (for learning disabliities)
Health - Psychology to encourage health
Industrial/Organizational - Psychology for the workplace
Personality - How Psychology affects personality
Social - How society affects us on a psychological level
Applied - Applying psychology to sports, forensics, etc

Question 33

Sigmund Freud

Answer 33

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis

Question 34

John B. Watson

Answer 34

American psychologist who founded of behaviorism

Question 35

Carl Rogers

Answer 35

American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology

Question 36

Scientific Inquiry

Answer 36

How scientist study the natural world and propose explanation derived from their work