Chapter 5 Learning and Conditioning

Question 1

Behaviorism

Answer 1

The systematic approach to learning behavior in humans and animals

Question 2

Pavlov and Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Pavlov discovered that a bell would cause his dogs to salivate. Classical conditioning is process of using a neutral stimulus to elicit a existing behavior to occur

Question 3

Neutral stimulus

Answer 3

A stimulus that does not cause any elicit behavior or response

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus that elicits a behavior which is innate (or not learned) to the animal or human

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A learned stimulus which elicits a reflexive behavior which previously did not

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

A response which is not learned which is triggered by a stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

A learned reflexive response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

The decline or disappearance of a conditioned response. This is typically if the conditioned response is not accompanied by the conditioned stimulus. It is not unlearned.

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Higher order conditioning

Answer 10

The concept that a previously conditioned stimulus can act as an unconditioned stimulus for a neutral stimulus. I.E. Using a ticking metronome to produce salivation. Then adding a black square until the black square could produce salvation

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

The researchers observed that the boy experienced stimulus generalization by showing fear in response to similar stimuli including a dog, a rabbit, a fur coat, a white Santa Claus beard, and even Watson’s own hair.

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

In classical conditioning, discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 13

Watson’s research: Conditioned emotional responses and “Little Albert”

Answer 13

This was a cruel experiment where they trained a baby to become scared of furry animals by making a very scared gong sound behind the baby.

Question 14

Taste aversion

Answer 14

Feeling sick from looking at a stimuli after eating the stimuli that caused sickness. It turns out certain stimuli and responses have stronger associations that originally thought. This due to biological preparedness. Food / internal. Pain / external.

Question 15

Operant conditioning

Answer 15

behavior is shaped and maintained by it’s consequences

Question 16

Primary reinforcers vs conditioned/secondary reinforcers

Answer 16

Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens.

Question 17

Thorndike’s puzzle box

Answer 17

Animals would have to perform a task to get out of the box

Question 18

Law of Effect

Answer 18

The result will encourage or discourage something from happening again

Question 19

Skinner box

Answer 19

A small cage with a food dispenser. He would make animals perform a specific task under specific conditions to obtain food

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

A consequence which encourages a behavior to happen again

Question 21

Partial Reinforcement effect

Answer 21

This would cause extinction to take much longer to occur.

Question 22

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 22

Fixed time or fixed ratio forms of scheduled reinforcement

Question 23

Punishment

Answer 23

A form of consequence that lowers the frequency of a specific behavior.
A process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior’s being repeated.

Question 24

Two types of reinforcement

Answer 24

Positive / Negative -

Positive is doing something to add or gain a positive stimulus. Hit a nice backhand to get a compliment. Get good grades to get on the honor roll. Do something for extra credit. Work hard to get bonus check.

Negative is doing something to remove an aversive stimulus. Back up HD to avoid losing data. Use cream to avoid itching. Take aspirin to avoid headache. Add battery to avoid smoke beep.

Question 25

Two types of punishment

Answer 25

Positive / Negative -
Positive Punishment
Stop stealing to avoid getting a felony.
Stop lying to avoid getting grounded
Stop hitting people to avoid getting yelled
Negative Punishment
Stop stealing to avoid losing your job
Stop lying to avoid losing your girlfriend
Stop drinking and driving to avoid losing your car

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

Using reinforcement until the correct behavior is performed

Question 27

Observational learning

Answer 27

Learning by observing the actions of others

Question 28

Bandura’s cognitive theory

Answer 28

attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation (ammm)