Chapter 4 Sleeping and Dreaming

Question 1

The role of suprachiamstic nucleus in sleep

Answer 1

Functions as a master circadian pacemaker controlling the timing of the sleep-wake cycle and coordinating this with circadian rhythms in other brain areas and other tissues to enhance behavioral adaptation

Question 2

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 2

Measures brain waves

Question 3

Stages of Sleep /

REM and NREM sleep

Answer 3

BAT-D
Awake/Alert - beta waves (small fast)
Awake/Drowsy - alpha wave (larger and slower waves)
Stage 1 - mix of alpha and theta waves (slower). Hynagogic hallucinations can occur.
Stage 2 - true sleep. mainly theta. Sleep spindles and K complexes occur.
Stage 3 - theta and delta waves. 20-50% delta waves
Stage 4 - more than 50% delta waves. Sleep walking
reverses from 4 back to 1 then
REM - Rapid eye movement. Dreams

Question 4

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 4

Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. I.E. Feeling of falling

Question 5

Restoration theory

Answer 5

Sleep replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage

Question 6

Preservation and protection theory

Answer 6

Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

Question 7

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 7

A cycle of rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes

Question 8

Insomniacs

Answer 8

Insomnia is a type of sleep disorder in which the person has trouble in one of the following areas of sleep: falling asleep, staying asleep throughout the night, or not being able to fall back asleep after a disturbance/awakening.

Question 9

Nonsomnia

Answer 9

When you feel you do not need sleep

Question 10

Sleep Disorders

Answer 10

1) Abnormal sleep patterns consistently occur
2) They cause subjective distress
3) They interfere with a person’s daytime functioning

Question 11

Somnambulism

Answer 11

A type of parasomnia. Sleep walking

Question 12

Nightmares vs night terrors

Answer 12

Nightmares are dreams with vivid and disturbing content. They are most common in children during REM sleep, but they can happen to adults as well. They usually involve and immediate awakening and good recall of the dream. Sleep terrors, also common in children, are often described as extreme nightmares that take place during non-REM sleep.

Question 13

Dyssomnias vs Parasomnias

Answer 13

Dyssomnias (dys = disrupt) is a category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.
Parasomnias (odd paranormal) - A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 14

Narcolepsy

Answer 14

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day

Question 15

Sleep apnea

Answer 15

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

Question 16

True dream

Answer 16

An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events

Question 17

Sleep thought

Answer 17

Vague, bland, thought like ruminations about real life events that typically occur during NREM sleep

Question 18

Freud’s ideas: Manifest content, Latent content, and dreams as fulfilled wishes

Answer 18

Manifest content is the actual dream. Latent content is what the dream represents. Freud believed that dreams represent the fulfillment of repressed wishes

Question 19

Hypnosis

Answer 19

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior

Question 20

Characteristics of Person in Hypnotic State

Answer 20

Experience profound changes in their subjective experience of consciousness. Feelings of detachment from their bodies, profound relaxation, or sensations of timelessness.

Question 21

Effects of hypnosis

Answer 21

Temporary blindness, deafness, or a complete loss of sensation in some part of the body

Question 22

Possible suggestions while under hypnosis

Answer 22

Reduce pain, reduce use of narcotics, improve concentration, eliminate recurring nightmares, eliminate stuttering, suppress gag reflex

Question 23

Posthypnotic suggestions

Answer 23

The person will carry out a specific suggestion after the hypnotic session is over. Such as the number 5 no longer exists. This is temporary.

Question 24

Posthypnotic amnesia

Answer 24

Hypnotic suggestion to suppress the memory of a specific information, such as a subject’s name, address, or phone number. This is temporary.

Question 25

Hypermnesia

Answer 25

Hypnosis cannot enhance memory