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General Psychology > Chapter 6 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Brain processes involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

the process of information entering the memory system

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3
Q

Storage

A

follows encoding and is used for preserving information for possible recollection in the future

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

follows storage and is used to recall or reproduce the stored information once encoded and stored

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5
Q

Levels of Processing

A

shallow- some physical features
intermediate- notice patterns and more detail
deep- thinking about meeting and how to relate it to past experiences

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6
Q

Stages of memory

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short term memory
  3. Long term memory
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7
Q

sensory memory

A

holds sensory stimuli for a short amount of time

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8
Q

short term memory

A

can temporarily maintain and process limited information for slightly longer periods (approx 30 seconds)

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9
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited capacity

can hold information indefinitely

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10
Q

iconic memory

A

type of sensory memory that deals with visual impressions. they are photo-like in accuracy but dissolve in less than a second.

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11
Q

eidetic memory

A

like photographic memory where people can recall situations with such detail after long periods of time as if they had a picture stored within their mind

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12
Q

echoic memory

A

lasts for about one to ten seconds and are exact copies of the sounds we hear. A form of sensory memory.

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13
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

saying something repeatedly in order to prolong the amount of time the item stays in your STM.

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14
Q

how many items can we realistically hold in our STM at a time?

A

magical number seven plus or minus two

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15
Q

chunking

A

grouping information into meaningful subsets to increase amount of information stored in the STM at one time

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16
Q

working memory

A

active processing information in STM and the maintenance and manipulation of information in STM

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17
Q

phonological loop

A

working with verbal information briefly when exposed with verbal stimuli
a part of the working memory
ex: when reading, or solving problems

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18
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

visual and spatial data briefly stored and manipulated

a part of the working memory

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19
Q

central executive

A

determines which information is important, and to help organize and manipulate consciousness. Can only do one job at once so you cannot multitask simply switch tasks rapidly
part of the working memory

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20
Q

episodic buffer

A

information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM are brought together temporarily under the detection of the central executive
part of the working memory

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21
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory that you are aware of and can consciously express with words

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22
Q

implicit memory

A

memory outside of awareness (automatic, unconscious, and difficult to bring to awareness and express)

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23
Q

semantic memory

A

pertains to general facts about the world

a part of the explicit memory

24
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experiences

part of the explicit memory

25
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic, event.
part of the episodic memory

26
Q

procedural memory

A

the memory of how to carry out an activity without conscious control or attention
part of the implicit memory

27
Q

what are the techniques to improve memory

A 
mnemonic
method of loci
hierarchical structures
automatic and effortful processing 
elaborative rehearsal and visualization
distributed practice
sleep and memory
28
Q

mnemonic

A

a technique to improve memory
examples:
acronyms or the first letter technique

29
Q

method of loci

A

a technique to improve memory

taking a tour of a place you know well and leaving parts of the information in different places along the way

30
Q

hierarchical structures

A

a technique to improve memory

you arrange the material into a system of meaningful categories and subcategories

31
Q

automatic processing

A

a technique used to improve memory

data that your memory absorbs automatically

32
Q

effortful processing

A

a technique used to improve memory
buckling down and working hard to commit things to memory
encoding and storage of information with conscious effort or awareness

33
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

a technique used to improve memory

the method of connecting incoming information to knowledge in LTM and deep level of encoding

34
Q

visualization

A

a technique used to improve memory

people remember verbal information better if it is paired with some type of vivd imagery

35
Q

Distributed practice

A

spreading study sessions over a period of time

36
Q

massed practice

A

cramming to learn all of the information in one secession

37
Q

Retrieval cues

A

stimuli that help you retrieve stored information that is difficult to access

38
Q

priming

A

a type of implicit memory, awakens memories with the help of retrieval cues

39
Q

recall

A

the process of retrieving information held in LTM without the help of explicit retrieval cues

40
Q

recognition

A

matching incoming data to information stored in LTM

41
Q

serial position effect

A

the ability to recall items in a list depends on where the item falls in the series

42
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember items at the beginning of the list

43
Q

recency effect

A

tendency to remember items at the end of a list

44
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

45
Q

encoding failure

A

when information is never encoded in the first place so it is impossible to retrieve that information
ex when you lose something because you dont remember where you put it down

46
Q

memory decay

A

information leaves your mind as you use it less and less

47
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

retrieval failure that becomes more common with age

48
Q

proactive interference

A

old information interferes with new information

49
Q

retroactive interference

A

new information interferes with information learned in the past

50
Q

misinformation effect

A

the tendency for new and misleading information obtained after an incident to distort ones memory of it

51
Q

rich false memories

A

recollections of an event that never occurred which are expressed with emotions and confidence and include details

52
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

a type of memory loss an inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain

53
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

type of memory loss an inability to access memories formed prior to damage or injury to the brain or difficulty retrieving them

54
Q

memory trace

A

the location where memories are etched in the brain via physiological changes

55
Q

long term potentiation

A

the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories

General Psychology (7 decks)

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