Chapter 6 - Memory

Question 0

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

Answer 0

Encoding

Question 1

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a useable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Holding onto information for some period of time.

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

Model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

Answer 4

Information-processing model

Question 5

A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.

Answer 5

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

Question 6

Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed”, or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

Answer 6

Levels-of-processing model

Question 7

The very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

Answer 7

Sensory memory

Question 8

Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.

Answer 8

Iconic memory

Question 9

The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

Answer 9

Eidetic imagery

Question 10

The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

Answer 10

Short-term memory (STM)

Question 11

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Answer 11

Selective attention

Question 12

The brief memory of something a person has just heard.

Answer 12

Echoic memory

Question 13

An active system that processes the information in short-term memory.

Answer 13

Working memory

Question 14

Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.

Answer 14

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 15

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Answer 15

Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 16

A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

Answer 16

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 17

Type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

Answer 17

Procedural (nondeclarative) memory

Question 18

Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories.

Answer 18

Anterograde amnesia

Question 19

Memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory.

Answer 19

Implicit memory

Question 20

Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known.

Answer 20

Declarative memory

Question 21

Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education.

Answer 21

Semantic memory

Question 22

Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events.

Answer 22

Episodic memory

Question 23

Memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory.

Answer 23

Explicit memory

Question 24

Model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain and a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other then concepts that are not highly related.

Answer 24

Semantic network model

Question 25

A stimulus for remembering.

Answer 25

Retrieval cue

Question 26

The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Answer 26

Encoding specificity

Question 27

Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Answer 28

Recognition

Question 29

Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Answer 29

Serial position effect

Question 30

Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

Answer 30

Primacy effect

Question 31

Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better then the information at the beginning of it.

Answer 31

Recency effect

Question 32

Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.

Answer 32

False positive

Question 33

Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding.

Answer 33

Automatic encoding

Question 34

Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

Answer 34

Flashbulb memories

Question 35

Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information.

Answer 35

Constructive processing

Question 36

The tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.

Answer 36

Hindsight bias

Question 37

The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

Answer 37

Misinformation effect

Question 38

A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

Answer 38

Curve of forgetting

Question 39

Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.

Answer 39

Distributed practice

Question 40

Failure to process information into memory.

Answer 40

Encoding failure

Question 41

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

Answer 41

Memory trace

Question 42

Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.

Answer 42

Decay

Question 43

Another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.

Answer 43

Disuse

Question 44

Memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information.

Answer 44

Proactive interference

Question 45

Memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Answer 45

Retroactive interference

Question 46

The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed.

Answer 46

Consolidation

Question 47

Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

Answer 47

Retrograde amnesia

Question 48

The inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3.

Answer 48

Infantile amnesia

Question 49

He memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story.

Answer 49

Autobiographical memory