Chapter 4 - Consciousness

Question 0

State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert.

Answer 0

Waking consciousness

Question 1

A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior.

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

Answer 2

Altered state of consciousness

Question 3

A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period.

Answer 3

Circadian rhythm

Question 4

Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds.

Answer 4

Microsleeps

Question 5

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.

Answer 5

Sleep deprivation

Question 6

Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.

Answer 6

Adaptive theory

Question 7

Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.

Answer 7

Restorative theory

Question 8

Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream.

Answer 8

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 9

Any of the stages if sleep that do not include REM.

Answer 9

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

Question 10

Smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity.

Answer 10

Beta waves

Question 11

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.

Answer 11

Alpha waves

Question 12

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.

Answer 12

Theta waves

Question 13

Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep.

Answer 13

Delta waves

Question 14

The inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep.

Answer 14

REM paralysis

Question 15

Increases amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.

Answer 15

REM rebound

Question 16

Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep.

Answer 16

Nightmares

Question 17

A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

Answer 17

REM behavior disorder

Question 18

Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep.

Answer 18

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

Question 19

Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.

Answer 19

Night terrors

Question 20

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.

Answer 20

Insomnia

Question 21

Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half minute or more.

Answer 21

Sleep apnea

Question 22

Sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning.

Answer 22

Narcolepsy

Question 23

Premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.

Answer 23

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 24

Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.

Answer 24

Activation-information-mode model (AIM)