Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 0

Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

Answer 0

Classical conditioning

Question 1

An involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice.

Answer 1

Reflex

Question 2

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response.

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 3

An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 3

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 4

Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

Answer 4

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 5

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 5

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 6

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 7

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 7

Stimulus generalization

Question 8

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

Stimulus discrimination

Question 9

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

Answer 10

Spontaneous recovery

Question 11

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

Answer 11

Higher-order conditioning

Question 12

Emotional response that had become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

Answer 12

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Question 13

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Answer 13

Vicarious conditioning

Question 14

Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

Answer 14

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 15

Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

Answer 15

Biological preparedness

Question 16

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

Answer 16

Stimulus substitution

Question 17

Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 17

Cognitive perspective

Question 18

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Answer 18

Operant conditioning

Question 19

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Answer 19

Law of effect

Question 20

Any behavior that is voluntary.

Answer 20

Operant

Question 21

Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

Answer 21

Reinforcement

Question 22

Any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Answer 22

Reinforcers

Question 23

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Answer 23

Primary reinforcer

Question 24

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars.

Answer 24

Secondary reinforcer

Question 25

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

Answer 25

Positive reinforcement

Question 26

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 26

Negative reinforcement

Question 27

The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Answer 27

Partial reinforcement effect

Question 28

The reinforcement of each and every correct response.

Answer 28

Continuous reinforcement

Question 29

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

Answer 29

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 30

Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

Answer 30

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 31

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

Answer 31

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 32

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

Answer 32

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 33

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Answer 33

Punishment

Question 34

The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 34

Punishment by application

Question 35

The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

Answer 35

Punishment by removal

Question 36

Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

Answer 36

Discriminative stimulus

Question 37

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

Answer 37

Shaping

Question 38

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that leaf to a particular goal behavior.

Answer 38

Successive approximations

Question 39

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

Answer 39

Instinctive drift

Question 40

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

Answer 40

Behavior modification

Question 41

Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

Answer 41

Token economy

Question 42

Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

Answer 42

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Question 43

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.

Answer 43

Biofeedback

Question 44

Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

Answer 44

Neurofeedback

Question 45

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

Answer 45

Latent learning

Question 46

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

Answer 46

Insight

Question 47

The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history or repeated failures in the past.

Answer 47

Learned helplessness

Question 48

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Answer 48

Observational learning

Question 49

Referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.

Answer 49

Learning/performance distinction