Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the processes involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Chunking

Answer 2

grouping numbers, letters, or other items into recognizable subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information that can be maintained in short-term memory

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

the process through which information enters our memory system; information is either encoded or lost

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

the process of preserving information for possible recollection in the future

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

the process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory

Question 6

Levels of processing information

Answer 6

• shallow
• intermediate
• deep

Question 7

Shallow

Answer 7

notice some physical features

Question 8

Intermediate

Answer 8

notice patterns and a little more detail

Question 9

Deep

Answer 9

think about meaning

Question 10

Application

Answer 10

the testing effect

Question 11

Who developed the stages of memory?

Answer 11

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Question 12

Stages of memory

Answer 12

• sensory memory
• short-term memory
• long-term memory

Question 13

Sensory memory

Answer 13

it captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a very brief period

Question 14

Short-term memory

Answer 14

temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information; duration is about 30 seconds

Question 15

Long-term memory

Answer 15

essentially unlimited capacity and the ability to store information indefinitely

Question 16

Iconic memory

Answer 16

visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second

Question 17

Echoic memory

Answer 17

exact copies of the sounds we hear

Question 18

Flashbulb memory

Answer 18

a detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic, event; learned memory rather than “firsthand memories”

Question 19

Eidetic imagery

Answer 19

the ability to “see” an image or object sometimes long after it has been removed from sight, describing its parts with amazing specificity; similar to the concept of photographic memory

Question 20

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 20

the technique of repeating information to be remembered

Question 21

Working memory

Answer 21

the active processing of information in short-term memory; the maintenance and manipulation of information in the memory system

Question 22

Who is associated with working memory?

Answer 22

Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch

Question 23

The 4 components of working memory

Answer 23

1- phonological loop
2- visuospatial sketchpad
3- episodic buffer
4- central executive

Question 24

Central executive

Answer 24

directs attention

Question 25

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 25

works with visual-spatial info

Question 26

Episodic buffer

Answer 26

brings info together, allowing us to solve problems

Question 27

Phonological loop

Answer 27

works with verbal info

Question 28

Explicit memory

Answer 28

a type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express in words or declare, including memories of facts and experiences

Question 29

Implicit memory

Answer 29

a memory of something you know or know how to do, which may be automatic, unconscious, and difficult to bring to awareness and express

Question 30

2 types of explicit memory

Answer 30

1- semantic memory
2- episodic memory

Question 31

Semantic memory

Answer 31

general facts

Question 32

Episodic memory

Answer 32

personal memories

Question 33

2 types of implicit memory

Answer 33

1- procedural
2- declarative

Question 34

Procedural memory

Answer 34

how to perform actions

Question 35

Declarative memory

Answer 35

the conscious recollection of experiences, events, and information used in everyday living

Question 36

What’s the best way to make memories?

Answer 36

• use mnemonics
• put in effort
• spacing is key

Question 37

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 37

connecting incoming information to knowledge in long-term memory

Question 38

Distributive practice

Answer 38

spreading out study sessions over time with breaks in between

Question 39

Retrieval cues

Answer 39

stimuli that help in the retrieval of stored information that is difficult to access

Question 40

Priming

Answer 40

the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment

Question 41

Recall

Answer 41

the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of retrieval cues

Question 42

Recognition

Answer 42

the process of matching incoming data to information stored in long-term memory

Question 43

Serial position effect

Answer 43

the ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series;
- primacy effect
- recency effect

Question 44

Primacy effect

Answer 44

the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list

Question 45

Recency effect

Answer 45

the tendency to remember items at the end of a list

Question 46

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 46

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

Question 47

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 47

• using the single-subject design, he was the first to quantify relearning
• noted the reduced time taken in relearning
• established the forgetting curve

Question 48

Proactive interference

Answer 48

the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new information

Question 49

Retroactive interference

Answer 49

the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past

Question 50

Rich false memories

Answer 50

recollections of events that never occurred, which are expressed with emotions and confidence and include details

Question 51

Misinformation

Answer 51

the tendency for new and misleading information to distort one’s memory of an incident

Question 52

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 52

a type of memory loss; an inability to create new memories following damage to the brain

Question 53

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 53

a type of memory loss; an inability to access memories formed before brain damage