Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming and cause a great deal of distress
Obsessions
a thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome and often causes anxiety and distress
Compulsion
behavior or mental act that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety
Psychological disorder
a set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing or disabling in terms of social functioning, work endeavors, and other aspects of life
Typicality
degree to which behavior is atypical, meaning rarely seen or statistically abnormal
Dysfunction
degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships
Distress
degree to which behavior or emotions cause an individual to feel upset or uncomfortable
Deviance
degree to which behavior is considered outside the standards or rules of society
Comorbidity
the occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
Medical model
an approach suggesting that psychological disorders are illnesses that have underlying biological causes
Biopsychosocial perspective
suggests that psychological disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Anxiety Disorders
- separation anxiety disorder
- specific phobia
- social anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
- agoraphobia
- generalized anxiety disorder
Specific phobia
a psychological disorder characterized by a distinct fear or anxiety related to an object or situation
Social Anxiety Disorder
an intense fear of social situations and scrutiny by others
Panic disorder
a psychological disorder that includes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior
Panic attack
sudden, extreme fear or discomfort that escalates quickly, often with no evident cause
Agoraphobia
a distinct fear or anxiety related to public transportation, open spaces, retail stores, crowds, or being alone and away from home in general
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life
Heritability
a measure of how well differences in one’s genes account for differences in one’s traits
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
a psychological disorder characterized by exposure to or being threatened by an event involving death, serious injury, or violence; it can include disturbing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, and other distressing symptoms
Neurotransmitters involved with depression
- norepinephrine
- serotonin
- dopamine
Manic episodes
a state of continuous elation that is out of proportion to the setting, and can include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy, and an “expansive” mood
Major depressive disorder
includes at least one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep, and loss of energy
Schizophrenia
a disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal behavior
Psychosis
loss of contact with reality that is severe and chronic
Delusions
strange or false beliefs that a person firmly maintains even when presented with evidence to the contrary
Hallucinations
perception-like experiences that an individual believes are real, but that are not evident to others
Positive symptoms
excesses or distortions of normal behavior; examples are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech
Negative symptoms
behaviors or characteristics that are limited or absent; examples are social withdrawal, diminished speech, limited or no emotions, and loss of energy follow-up
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a neurodevelopmental disorder that may share some genetic risk factors with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Personality Disorders
a group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognition, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control
Someone with a personality disorder exhibits behaviors that deviate substantially in the following areas
- cognition
- emotional responses
- interpersonal functioning
- impulse control
Personality Disorders
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
- avoidant
- dependent
- obsessive-compulsive
Paranoid
widespread distrust of others without basis
Schizoid
detachment from relationships and a limited range of emotional expression
Schizotypal
difficulty in establishing relationships, limited ability to maintain close relationships, and eccentric or strange behavior
Antisocial
unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse
Borderline
incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness
Histrionic
extreme emotions used to gain attention
Narcissistic
self-absorbed, needs to be admired, lack of empathy
Avoidant
social self-consciousness, hypersensitive to negative feedback
Dependent
clingy, needs to be cared for by others
Obsessive-compulsive
fixation with order, perfection, and control
Dissociative Disorders
psychological disorders distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning; may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control; similar to <ultiple Personality Disorder
Dissociation
a disturbance in the normally integrated experience of psychological functions involved in memory, consciousness, perception, or identity
Dissociative amnesia
marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events
Dissociative fugue
a condition in which a person with dissociative amnesia or dissociative identity disorder wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner
Dissociative Identity Disorder
involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual
Eating Disorders
serious dysfunctions in eating behavior that can involve restricting food consumption, obsessing over weight or body shape, eating too much, and purging; usually begins in the early teens and more so in girls
Anorexia Nervosa
- characterized by self-imposed restrictions on calories needed to maintain a healthy weight
- often have a distorted sense of body weight and figure
- has one of the highest death rates of all psychological disorders
Binge-Eating Disorder
involves recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption; one feels unable to control the bingeing but the excessive weight control and purging behaviors are not present
Bulimia Nervosa
- involves recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by purging to prevent weight gain
- carries serious health risks such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes
