Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

The definition of learning

A

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences

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2
Q

Habituation

A

a basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences

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5
Q

What does unconditioned mean?

A

unlearned

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6
Q

What does conditioned mean?

A

learned

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7
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response

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9
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed

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10
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

a reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response
EX.- Pavlov’s dogs salivate to a metronome ticking at 80-100 bpm

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14
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it
EX.- Pavlov’s dogs salivate to a high pitch tone, but not a low-pitch tone

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15
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

a powerful form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness

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16
Q

Extinction

A

the disappearance of a conditoned response to a stimulus

17
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the appearance of a conditioned response following its extinction

18
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by pleasurable outcomes, and less likely to be repeated when followed by unpleasant outcomes

19
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

satisfy a biological need

20
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

do not satisfy biological needs but often gain power through their association with primary reinforcers

21
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

the process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior

22
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior, which increases the likelihood of it occurring again

23
Q

Positive punishment

A

something aversive or disagreeable is applied following a certain behavior

24
Q

Negative punishment

A

taking away something pleasant or valuable following a certain behavior

25
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which target behavior is reinforced

26
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously

27
Q

Fixed-Ratio schedule

A

a schedule in which the subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before a reinforcer is given

28
Q

Variable-Ratio schedule

A

a schedule in which the number of desired behaviors that must occur before a reinforcer is given changes across trials and is based on an average number of behaviors to be reinforced
Ex.- lottery tickets

29
Q

Fixed-Interval schedule

A

a schedule in which the reinforcer comes after a pre-established interval of time; the behavior is only reinforced after the given interval is over

30
Q

Variable-Interval schedule

A

a schedule on which a behavior is reinforced after some time, but the length of the interval changes from to trial

31
Q

Observational learning

A

most likely when learners,
- pay attention to the model
- remember what they observed
- are capable of performing the observed behavior
- are motivated to demonstrate the behavior

32
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs without awareness regardless of reinforcement, and is not evident until needed

33
Q

Cognitive map

A

a mental representation of a physical space

34
Q

Instinctive drift

A

the tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior pattern has been learned

35
Q

Successive approximations

A

a method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior

36
Q

Shaping

A

the process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level