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General Psychology > Chapter 1: Intro to Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Psychology?

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

What are the 4 basic goals of Psychology?

A

1- describe- examine behaviors
2- explain- organize and make sense
3- predict- predict behavior and outcomes
4- change behavior- control behavior

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3
Q

What discipline did the study of Psychology originate from?

A

developed from philosophy and physiology

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4
Q

Basic research

A

focuses on collecting data to support theories

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5
Q

Applied research

A

focuses on changing behaviors and outcomes

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6
Q

Who is considered to be the “father” of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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7
Q

Nature in psychology

A

the inherited biological factors that shape behaviors, personality, and other characteristics

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8
Q

Nurture in psychology

A

the environmental factors that shape behaviors, personality, and other characteristics

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9
Q

Plato

A

believed truth and knowledge exist in the soul before birth (nature)

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10
Q

Aristotle

A

Plato’s student; believed that we know reality through our perceptions, and we learn through our sensory experiences (nurture)

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11
Q

Empirical method

A

a process that uses objective observation to measure and collect data

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12
Q

Introspection

A

the examination of one’s own conscious activities

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13
Q

What field of psychology was Sigmund Freud known for?

A

Psychodynamic Theory

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14
Q

What field of psychology was William James known for?

A

Functionalism

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15
Q

What field of psychology was John Watson known for?

A

Behaviorism

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16
Q

What field of psychology was Wilhelm Wundt known for?

A

Structuralism

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17
Q

What field of psychology was Abraham Maslow known for?

A

Humanistic Theory

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18
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

study focused on positive human behaviors and human’s natural capacity for growth

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19
Q

Behaviorism

A

the study of observable behaviors

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20
Q

Functionalism

A

the study of how the mind allows people to live, work, play and adapt to their environment

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21
Q

Structuralism

A

the study of the components/structures of the mind through objective introspection

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22
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

the study of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires

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23
Q

Sociocultural Psychology

A

the study of how social and cultural environments influence behavior

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24
Q

Biological Psychology

A

the study of the brain and nervous system and its effect on behavior

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25
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of human behavior as it relates to adapting to the environment and natural selection

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26
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the study of memory, intelligence, decision making and problem solving

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27
Q

Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

studies behavior through the interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors

28
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

studied the relationship between behaviors and their consequences; focused on operant conditioning

29
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

examining the mental processes that direct behavior

30
Q

Structure

A

how the mind is structured

31
Q

Function

A

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how they help us adapt to the environment

32
Q

What years of a human’s life has the most impact?

A

0-5

33
Q

The 5 basic steps of the scientific method

A

1- Develop a question
2- Develop a hypothesis
3- Design study and collect data
4- Analyze the data
5- Share the findings

34
Q

Variables

A

measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people

35
Q

Population

A

all members of an identified group about which a researcher is interested

36
Q

Sample

A

a subset of a population chosen for inclusion in an experiment

37
Q

Random sample

A

a subset of the population chosen through a procedure that ensures all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

38
Q

Survey method

A

a type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data

39
Q

Case study

A

a detailed examination of an individual or small group

40
Q

Descriptive research

A

research methods that observe and explore behaviors, but whose findings cannot definitively state cause-and-effect relationships

41
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

a type of descriptive research that studies participants in their naturalistic environment through systematic observation

42
Q

Correlational method

A

a type of research examining relationships among variables

43
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

the statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

44
Q

Positive correlation

A

both variables move in the same direction

45
Q

Negative correlation

A

variables move in opposite directions

46
Q

How are correlation coefficients inversely related?

A

the closer r is to +1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the relationship

47
Q

Third variable

A

some unaccounted-for characteristic of the participants or their environment that explains the changes in the two other variables

48
Q

Independent variable

A

variable manipulated by the researcher

49
Q

Dependent variable

A

the characteristic or response that is measured

50
Q

Extraneous variable

A

a characteristic of participants or the environment that could unexpectedly influence the outcome of a study

51
Q

Confounding variable

A

a type of extraneous variable that changes in sync with the independent variable, making it difficult to discern which one is causing changes in the dependent variable

52
Q

Placebo

A

an inert substance given to members of the control group; this fake treatment has no benefit but is administered as if it will

53
Q

Experimental group

A

the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable or manipulation by the researcher; represent the treatment group

54
Q

Control group

A

the participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable; this is the comparison group

55
Q

Double-blind study

A

type of studies where neither the participants nor the researchers administering know who is receiving the treatment

56
Q

What is a measure of central tendency?

A

the numbers that represent the middle of the data set

57
Q

Mean

A

the arithmetic average of a data set

58
Q

Median

A

the number that represents the position in a data set for which 50% of the values are above it, and 50% are below it

59
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently occurring value in a data set

60
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

a distribution with 2 modes, which are the two most frequently occurring values

61
Q

Statistical Significance

A

the probability that the findings of a study were due to chance

62
Q

Skewed data

A

non symmetrical frequency distribution

63
Q

What number indicates a good p-value?

A

P<0.05

64
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

explores the probability of events and tries to predict general trends

65
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

researchers summarize the information they have gleaned from their studies

66
Q

Sample size

A

a subset of a population chosen for inclusion in an experiment

General Psychology (6 decks)

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