Chapter 6 Lower Limb Flashcards
divisions of the distal lower limb
foot, leg and distal femur
how many bones in one foot?
26
most distal bones of the foot
phalanges
number of phalanges on one foot
14 (toes, or digits)
number of metatarsals on one foot
5
number of tarsals on one foot
7
the large toe, or first digit has how many phalanges?
2, the proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
the phalanges of the foot are _____than the phalanges of the hand and their movements are ____
smaller; more limited
also known as the os calsis, is commonly known as the heel.
Calcaneus
articulates anteriorly with the cuboid and superiorly with the talus.
Calcaneus
largest talus bone
Calcaneus
2nd largest tarsal bone located between the lower leg and the calcaneus
talus
located on the medial side of the foot, between the talus and the three cuniforms
navicular
medial, intermediate, and lateral
cuniforms
how many cuniforms are there?
3
located on the lateral aspect of the foot
cuboid
the result of repeated stresses to a bone that would be injured by isolated forces of the same manginutde. Regardless of location, the activities resulting in stress fx. are usually strenuous, often new or different, and repeated with frequency before producing pain. It is first visualized 10-2- days after the onset of symptoms. Radionuclide bone scans can demonstrate a stress fx. before it can be detected on plain. radiographs.
Stress (fatigue/march) Fracture
fx. which extends along the length of the bone
linear/longitudinal fracture
involves both malleoli (of tibia and fibula) with dislocation of the ankle joint
Pott’s Fracture
a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal-one of the most frequent injuries of the foot-an avulsion injury that results from plantar flexion and inversion of the foot as in stepping off a curb.
Jones’s Fracture
the tibial tuberosity is separated from the shaft of the tibia- visualized on the lateral projection of the knee
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow in children and young adults-seen as a large portion of bone destruction in the central portion of the shaft of a long bone
Ewings Sarcoma
generally occurs in the ends of long bones(especially the knee) pulmonary metastases develop early-appears as a sunburst pattern with bony spicules extending outward in a radiating fashion
Osteogenic Sarcoma
benign projection of bone with a cartilagenous cap (especially the knee) the long axix of the tumor is parallel to the parent bone
Osteochondroma
insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton-appears radiographically as a loss of bone density-bones may bend or give way upon weight bearing. less technique needed for these cases
Osteomalacia
infant/childhood equivalent of osteomalacia rheumatoid arthritis-chronic systemic disease-noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the hand and foot joints osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease/DJD) loss of joint cartiledge and reactive new bone formation-predominantly affects weight bearing joints and interphalangeal joints of the fingers-part of the wear and tear of the aging process. Less technique needed for these cases
Rickets
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infectious organisms that reach the bone
osteomyelitis
chronic systemic disease – Non-infectious inflammatory arthritis of the hand and foot joint. Less technique needed for these cases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
loss of joint cartiledge and reactive new bone formation – predominantly affects weight-bearing joints and interphalangeal joints of the fingers – part of the wear and tear of the aging process. Less techniqeu needed for these cases
Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease / DJD)
fx. of the medial & lateral malleoli and the posterior tip of the distal tibia
Tri-Malleolar Fracture
Toes- also called by
phalanges or digits
Large toe only has ________ phalanx.
two
5 bones of the insteps
metatarsals
Large toe is numbered _____
digit, all the way to
the pinky, which is the_____
.
1st: 5th
Most distal aspect of the metatarsal is the___ ,
followed by the ___, then most proximal is the
___
head;body;base
A single ___________ at the base of the 5th
metatarsal, where often times there are
fractures.
tuberosity
7 of these in the foot
tarsals
also known as the os calsis, is
commonly known as the heel. Articulates
anteriorly with the _________, and superiorly
with the talus. Largest tarsal bone
Calcaneus;cuboid
2nd largest tarsal bone located
between the lower leg and the calcaneus.
talus
located on the medial side of
the foot, between the talus and the___________
cuniforms
Navicular;three
(3 of them) – medial,
intermediate, and lateral.
cuniforms
Located on the lateral aspect
of the foot.
cuboid
Ankle joint – formed by ____________________
3 bones- tibia, fibula and talus
Tibia – the medial _______________ is an
elongated process of the tibia which extends down
alongside the ____________ talus.
malleolus;medial
the lateral malleolus is actually the distal
end of the fibula
fibula
part of the foot that makes up the ankle
joint.
talus
a 3 sided opening of
the ankle joint. Always pull the foot back towards
the head to try to visualize this better on an AP
projection.
ankle mortise
Tibia – made up of
proximal extremity, distal
extremity, and the central body.
________________eminence on the
superior surface of the tibial head. This
eminence is divided into 2 parts, the __________________________
intercondylar tubercles.
intercondyloid;medial and lateral
the proximal extremity has 2 ___called the tibial plateau
which articulates with the femur. The
plateau slopes posteriorly about ______
articular facets;10-20
degrees.
_________________ located on the
anterior portion of the proximal
extremity, but distal to the condyles.
tibial tuberosity
the long shaft of the tibia.
Has a ridge along it , which is very
sharp. This ridge is called the crest and
is often referred to as the shin
Body
located lateral and _________________ to
the tibia
Fibula
the longest bone in the body
Femur
_____________– largest _____________
bone in the body. Is located above the
actual knee joint. Triangle shaped
patella;sesamoid
Intercondylar fossa –fossa separated by the
___________________
condyles
on the femur, the Medial condyle (extends more distally)
and lateral condyle articulate with the
tibia.
Generally the angle of the femur is
_____________on a woman than a man
due to the broadness of the hips and the
fact that women are usually shorter.
greater
_____________________ is a raised area
that receives a tendon on the medial side
the femur above the condyle
adductor tubercle
Medial and lateral epicondyles are the rough\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the outermost tips of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
prominences
Patellar surface is the surface of the femur
located directly ________________ to the
patella. It is also known as the
_________________________ as well as
the intercondylar surface.
posterior;trochlear
handling technique for Sm. To med.
Plaster cast
Increase mAs 50-
60%, or 5-7 kVp
handling technique for Lge. Plaster cast
Increase mAs 100%,
or 8-10 kVP
handling technique for Fiberglass cast
Increase mAs 25-30
%, or 3-4 kVp
is the bottom of the foot, also known as the posterior.
Plantar surface
is the top of the foot, also known as the anterior.
Dorsum surface
brings the toes back towards the head
dorsum flexion
points the toes downwards.
plantar flexion
(varus)– rolled the ankle inward
inversion
(valgus) – rolled the ankle outward
eversion
