Chapter 2 CHEST Flashcards
What are the sections if the chest
Bony thorax, respiratory system, and mediastinum
How many sections is chest/thorax divided into
3 sections
Parts of the sternum
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Two good positioning landmarks in the chest are
Vertebra prominens and jugular notch
Parts of the Skeletal framework that make up the bony thorax
- Sternum
- 2 clavicles
- 2 scapulae
- 12 pairs if ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
parts of the thoracic viscera
mediastinum and lungs
parts of the mediastinum
thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea and esophagus
4 divisions of the respiratory system
larynx, trachea bronchi and lungs
the cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx and trachea during the act of swallowing
epiglottis
forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage
laryngeal prominence
located at T4
sternal angle
located between C3 and C6
Larynx
location of the esophagus compared to the trachea
posterior. it lies behind it
two parts of the bony thorax
skeletal (framework), thoracic viscera
exchange of gaseous substances between the air we breathe and the bloodstream
respiration
a passageway for both food and air.
pharynx
parts of the pharynx
oropharynx, nasopharynx,laryngopharynx
mouth to uvula
oropharynx
nose to epiglottis
nasopharynx
lies above and posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
makes up the roof of the mouth
the hard plate, soft plate, and uvula
also known as the windpipe
trachea
located from C6-T4
trachea
a fibrous muscular tube with about 20 c-shaped rings embedded in the walls. the rings keep the tube from collapsing during inspiration
trachea
located near the trachea, within the mediastinum, but not part of the respiratory system
thyroid, parathyroid and thymus
gland that releases hormones for regulation of body metabolism, body growth, development and activity of the nervous system
thyroid gland
something on the x-ray that shouldn’t be there
artifact
located inferiorly to the thyroid gland. part of the mediastinum. prominent in childhood but disappears as an adult. max size at puberty. aids in the functioning of certain body immune systems
thymus gland
the prominence of the lowest tracheal cartilage where it divides into the left and right bronchi
carina
number of sections of the right bronchi
3
number of sections of the left bronchi
2
at the level of the alveoli, what happens?
O2 and CO2 are exchanged
what happens to the alveoli when emphysema is present?
they are distended. (spread out)
What should you do to adjust your radiograph when emphysema is present?
reduce the technique
a condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended. It is
characterized by an increase in the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.
The primary symptom is dyspnea. As the disease progresses, there is
hyperinflation of the lungs which appears radiographically as a depressed
(flattened) diaphragm, abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increased
retrosternal air space (barrel-shaped chest). Requires a decrease in exposure
factors from the “norm”.
emphysema
a group of disorders that
cause chronic airway obstruction. The most common forms of it are chronic
bronchitis and emphysema. Requires a decrease in exposure factors from the
“norm”.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
an inflammation of the pleura. Pain is usually distributed to one side
or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots. Chest radiographs do not
generally demonstrate pleurisy but are helpful in confirming the presence of
pleural fluid associated with the disease. No change in exposure factors
necessary.
Pleurisy
results when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity.
Requires an increase in exposure factors from the “norm”.
Pleural Effusion
a pleural effusion containing blood.
Hemothorax
Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and
compresses the lung tissue. Common causes include penetrating chest trauma
or a spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle like a blister).
Radiographically, it appears as a strip of radiolucency devoid of vascular lung
markings. Best demonstrated by doing both an inspiration and expiration PA
chest.
Pneumothorax
a condition in which collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as
a result of an obstruction of the bronchus or a puncture of an air passageway.
The region affected appears more dense and usually requires an increase in
exposure factors from the “norm”.
atelectasis
occurs when the heart is unable to propel
blood at a sufficient rate and volume which results in congestion of the
subcirculatory systems and does not allow a sufficient supply of blood to reach the tissues of the body. Most commonly caused by hypertension but may result
from other disease processes that overburden the heart. Requires an increase
in exposure factors.
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
As plaque accumulates in the coronary
arteries, blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased, resulting in ischemia
and myocardial damage. Angiography plays a major role in the diagnosis of
occluded heart vessels.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
stroke - atherosclerotic disease affecting the
blood supply to the brain results in a CVA. Three causes for this include brain
hemorrhage, infarction caused by thrombosis of a cerebral artery, or embolism
to the brain from a thrombus elsewhere in the body.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
a localized ballooning or out-pouching of a vessel wall as a result of
weakening due to atherosclerotic disease, trauma, infection or congenital
defects.
Aneurysm
an inflammation of the lungs resulting in accumulation of fluid.
Generally requires some increase in exposure factors.
Pneumonia
2 clinical indications for ordering a chest x-ray
Dyspnea-short of breath
Hemoptysis-coughing up blood
5% of the population-thorax is broad,shallow vertical dimension. almost always taken with the IR crosswise
Hypersthenic
50% of the population- More average body type. Use your knowledge on this. could be cross or length IR
Sthenic
35% of population-A nearer average, but can be done lengthwise with careful measuring so the angles are not cut off the IR
Hyposthenic
10% of population-thorax is narrow, vertically it is very long, lengthwise IR should be used
Asthenic
Almost 95% of women can be xray’d with the IR in what position. Even the large body habitus.
Lengthwise
xray done on expiration to rule out
pneumothorax
location of heart and great vessels
T5-T8
double walled sac that contains the hear
pericardial sac
heart is located on what side of the body
left
the great vessels consist of what
inferior and superior vena cava, aorta, large pulmonary arteries and veins
a vein that returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body
superior vena cava
a vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower half of the body
inferior vena cava
largest artery in the body
aorta
carries blood to all parts of the body by its branches.(3)
aorta
3 branches of the aorta
ascending, arch, descending
supply and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs
pulmonary arteries and veins
located anterior to the descending aorta until it passes througth the diaphragm
trachea and esophogus
how do you pick out the right hemidiaphragm from the left on a lateral chest xray
because the liver is on the right side of the body and sits up high in the abdomen. This pushes the right side higher than the left which is visible on a lat. x ray
Why is a CXR primarily done?
to see the lungs
the base of the lungs rests on what?
the diaphragm
