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Positioning I (radt 131) > Chapter 2 CHEST > Flashcards

Chapter 2 CHEST Flashcards

0
Q

What are the sections if the chest

A

Bony thorax, respiratory system, and mediastinum

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1
Q

How many sections is chest/thorax divided into

A

3 sections

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3
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

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3
Q

Two good positioning landmarks in the chest are

A

Vertebra prominens and jugular notch

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4
Q

Parts of the Skeletal framework that make up the bony thorax

A
  1. Sternum
  2. 2 clavicles
  3. 2 scapulae
  4. 12 pairs if ribs
  5. 12 thoracic vertebrae
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5
Q

parts of the thoracic viscera

A

mediastinum and lungs

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6
Q

parts of the mediastinum

A

thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea and esophagus

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7
Q

4 divisions of the respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea bronchi and lungs

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8
Q

the cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx and trachea during the act of swallowing

A

epiglottis

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9
Q

forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage

A

laryngeal prominence

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11
Q

located at T4

A

sternal angle

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12
Q

located between C3 and C6

A

Larynx

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13
Q

location of the esophagus compared to the trachea

A

posterior. it lies behind it

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14
Q

two parts of the bony thorax

A

skeletal (framework), thoracic viscera

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15
Q

exchange of gaseous substances between the air we breathe and the bloodstream

A

respiration

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16
Q

a passageway for both food and air.

A

pharynx

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17
Q

parts of the pharynx

A

oropharynx, nasopharynx,laryngopharynx

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18
Q

mouth to uvula

A

oropharynx

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19
Q

nose to epiglottis

A

nasopharynx

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20
Q

lies above and posterior to the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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21
Q

makes up the roof of the mouth

A

the hard plate, soft plate, and uvula

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22
Q

also known as the windpipe

A

trachea

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23
Q

located from C6-T4

A

trachea

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24
Q

a fibrous muscular tube with about 20 c-shaped rings embedded in the walls. the rings keep the tube from collapsing during inspiration

A

trachea

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25
Q

located near the trachea, within the mediastinum, but not part of the respiratory system

A

thyroid, parathyroid and thymus

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26
Q

gland that releases hormones for regulation of body metabolism, body growth, development and activity of the nervous system

A

thyroid gland

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27
Q

something on the x-ray that shouldn’t be there

A

artifact

28
Q

located inferiorly to the thyroid gland. part of the mediastinum. prominent in childhood but disappears as an adult. max size at puberty. aids in the functioning of certain body immune systems

A

thymus gland

29
Q

the prominence of the lowest tracheal cartilage where it divides into the left and right bronchi

A

carina

30
Q

number of sections of the right bronchi

A

3

31
Q

number of sections of the left bronchi

A

2

32
Q

at the level of the alveoli, what happens?

A

O2 and CO2 are exchanged

33
Q

what happens to the alveoli when emphysema is present?

A

they are distended. (spread out)

34
Q

What should you do to adjust your radiograph when emphysema is present?

A

reduce the technique

35
Q

a condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended. It is
characterized by an increase in the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.
The primary symptom is dyspnea. As the disease progresses, there is
hyperinflation of the lungs which appears radiographically as a depressed
(flattened) diaphragm, abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increased
retrosternal air space (barrel-shaped chest). Requires a decrease in exposure
factors from the “norm”.

A

emphysema

36
Q

a group of disorders that
cause chronic airway obstruction. The most common forms of it are chronic
bronchitis and emphysema. Requires a decrease in exposure factors from the
“norm”.

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

37
Q

an inflammation of the pleura. Pain is usually distributed to one side
or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots. Chest radiographs do not
generally demonstrate pleurisy but are helpful in confirming the presence of
pleural fluid associated with the disease. No change in exposure factors
necessary.

A

Pleurisy

38
Q

results when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity.

Requires an increase in exposure factors from the “norm”.

A

Pleural Effusion

39
Q

a pleural effusion containing blood.

A

Hemothorax

40
Q

Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and
compresses the lung tissue. Common causes include penetrating chest trauma
or a spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle like a blister).
Radiographically, it appears as a strip of radiolucency devoid of vascular lung
markings. Best demonstrated by doing both an inspiration and expiration PA
chest.

A

Pneumothorax

41
Q

a condition in which collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as
a result of an obstruction of the bronchus or a puncture of an air passageway.
The region affected appears more dense and usually requires an increase in
exposure factors from the “norm”.

A

atelectasis

42
Q

occurs when the heart is unable to propel
blood at a sufficient rate and volume which results in congestion of the
subcirculatory systems and does not allow a sufficient supply of blood to reach the tissues of the body. Most commonly caused by hypertension but may result
from other disease processes that overburden the heart. Requires an increase
in exposure factors.

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

43
Q

As plaque accumulates in the coronary
arteries, blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased, resulting in ischemia
and myocardial damage. Angiography plays a major role in the diagnosis of
occluded heart vessels.

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

44
Q

stroke - atherosclerotic disease affecting the
blood supply to the brain results in a CVA. Three causes for this include brain
hemorrhage, infarction caused by thrombosis of a cerebral artery, or embolism
to the brain from a thrombus elsewhere in the body.

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

45
Q

a localized ballooning or out-pouching of a vessel wall as a result of
weakening due to atherosclerotic disease, trauma, infection or congenital
defects.

A

Aneurysm

46
Q

an inflammation of the lungs resulting in accumulation of fluid.
Generally requires some increase in exposure factors.

A

Pneumonia

47
Q

2 clinical indications for ordering a chest x-ray

A

Dyspnea-short of breath

Hemoptysis-coughing up blood

48
Q

5% of the population-thorax is broad,shallow vertical dimension. almost always taken with the IR crosswise

A

Hypersthenic

49
Q

50% of the population- More average body type. Use your knowledge on this. could be cross or length IR

A

Sthenic

50
Q

35% of population-A nearer average, but can be done lengthwise with careful measuring so the angles are not cut off the IR

A

Hyposthenic

51
Q

10% of population-thorax is narrow, vertically it is very long, lengthwise IR should be used

A

Asthenic

52
Q

Almost 95% of women can be xray’d with the IR in what position. Even the large body habitus.

A

Lengthwise

53
Q

xray done on expiration to rule out

A

pneumothorax

54
Q

location of heart and great vessels

A

T5-T8

55
Q

double walled sac that contains the hear

A

pericardial sac

56
Q

heart is located on what side of the body

A

left

57
Q

the great vessels consist of what

A

inferior and superior vena cava, aorta, large pulmonary arteries and veins

58
Q

a vein that returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body

A

superior vena cava

59
Q

a vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower half of the body

A

inferior vena cava

60
Q

largest artery in the body

A

aorta

61
Q

carries blood to all parts of the body by its branches.(3)

A

aorta

62
Q

3 branches of the aorta

A

ascending, arch, descending

63
Q

supply and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries and veins

64
Q

located anterior to the descending aorta until it passes througth the diaphragm

A

trachea and esophogus

65
Q

how do you pick out the right hemidiaphragm from the left on a lateral chest xray

A

because the liver is on the right side of the body and sits up high in the abdomen. This pushes the right side higher than the left which is visible on a lat. x ray

66
Q

Why is a CXR primarily done?

A

to see the lungs

67
Q

the base of the lungs rests on what?

A

the diaphragm

Positioning I (radt 131) (7 decks)

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