Chapter 1 Flashcards
How structures of the human body function
Physiology
The science of the structure of the human body
Anatomy
The lowest level of organization in the human body
Chemical level
All chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composed of
Atoms
Atoms join together to form what
Molecules
Various chemicals in the form of molecules band together to form what
Cells
Basic structural and functional unit of the human body
Cell
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function
Tissues
Four types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Covers internal and external surfaces of the body including linings of vessels and organs
Epithelial tissue
Supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures
Connective
Tissues that make up the substance of a muscle
Muscular
Tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers
Nervous
Perform a specific function for the human body
Organs
Consists of organs that perform a common or related function
System
Systems of the body
Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Nervous Muscular Endocrine Integumentary
Composed of cardiovascular organs which include the heart, blood, blood vessels, the lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph glands
Circulatory system
Support and protect the body
Allow movement by working along with muscles
Produce blood cells
Stores calcium
4 Functions of the skeletal system
Another name for the digestive system
Alimentary canal
Distributes O2 and nutrients to cells
Carries cell waste and CO2 from cells
Transports H2O, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes
Prevents hemorrhaging by forming blood clots
Protects against disease
Helps regulate body temp
6 Functions of the Circulatory system
Prepares food for absorption by cells through chemical and physical breakdown process
Eliminates solid waste
2 Functions of the digestive system
composed of mouth-anus
digestive system
made up of two lungs, nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree
respiratory system
supplies O2 in the blood
eliminates CO2 in the blood
assists in regulating acid-base balance of blood
3 functions of the respiratory system
produces, collects, and eliminates urine
urinary system
regulates chemical composition of blood
eliminates many waste products
regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
maintains acid base balance of body
4 functions of the urinary system
produce offspring, in other words reproduce itself
function of the reproductive system
male reproductive organs
testes, vas deferens, prostate and penis
female reproductive organs
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
Nervous system
regulate body activities with electrical impulses which travel along nerves
function of the nervous system
three types of muscular tissue that make up the muscular system
visceral
skeletal
cardiac
smooth and involuntary muscle located in the walls of hollow organs
visceral muscle tissue
composed of most of the body’s muscle mass (43%) striated and under voluntary control
skeletal muscle tissue
found only in the heart
cardiac muscle
allows movement
maintains posture
produces heat
3 functions of the muscular system
includes the ductless glands of the body such as: testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary.
Endocrine system
regulates body activity by release of hormones through the bloodstream
function of the endocrine system
composed of the skin and all structures derived from it including hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands.
Integumentary system
Regulates body tem
protects the body
receives stimulus
eliminates waste through persperation
4 functions of the integumentary system
the study of bones
osteology
study of joints
arthrology
the adult body is composed of how many bones
206
the human skeleton is divided into what two parts
axial and appendicular
composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
axial skeleton
how many bones make up the axial skeleton
80
composed of upper and lower limbs, the shoulders, and the pelvic girdles
appendicular skeleton
how many bones make up the appendicular skeleton
126
What type of bone is the patella considered
sesamoid bone
classification of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
consist of a body and 2 ends, only found on appendicular skeleton
Long bones i.e humerus, tibia, femur
cuboidal and short shaped bones
short bones i.e. wrist bones
consist of 2 plates of compact bone w/ spongy center
flat bones i.e. scapula, sternum
peculiar shaped, all other bones
irregular bones i.e. facial bones, vertebrae
the process by which bones from in the body
ossification
the primary center of ossification in bones
Diaphysis
the secondary center at which bones form
epiphysis
found between the epiphysis and the diaphysis until the skeletal growth is complete
Epiphyseal plate
age at which full physical maturity is reached
25 years old
Classification of joints
functional
structural
synovial
classified by mobility or lack of mobility in joints
functional joints
3 common types of functional joints
Synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
immovable functional joint
synarthrosis
functional joint with limited movement
amphiarthrosis
freely moveable functional joint
diarthrosis
classified by the type of tissue that seperates the ends of the bones
Structural joint
two types of structural joints
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
these types of structural joints lack a joint cavity and are held together by fibrous connective tissue
fibrous joints
syndesmoses joint (distal tib/fib joint)
sutures of the skull
Gomphosis - teeth
fibrous joints
structural joint held together by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
Sympheses-such as the pubic symphisis
synchondroses-a temporary from of a joint such as a epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous joints
found in bone and helps you form blood cells
red marrow
freely moveable joints characterized by a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid
synovial joints
7 movements of synovial joints
plane(gliding) ginglymus(hinge) trochoid(pivot) ellipsoid(condyloid) sellar(saddle) spheroid(ball and socket) bicondylar
sliding or gliding motion: which include intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, and intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist
Plane (gliding) joints
permit flexion and extension: which include interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toe, the knee, ankle, and elbow joints
Ginglymus(hinge) joints
provide rotational movements: parts include proximal and distal radioulnar joints, and C1 and C2 vertebrae
trochoid (pivot) joints
another name for the C1 vertebra
altas
another name for the C2 vertebra
axis
provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction: parts include the wrist
ellipsoid(condyloid)joints
provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction: parts include the thumb
Sellar(saddle) joints
greatest freedom of motion. provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, medial, and lateral rotation: part include the hip and shoulder joints
spheroid(ball and socket) joint
usually provide motion in a single direction such as a knee or TMJ
bicondylar joints
a term that describes the patient’s general physical position such as supine, erect, prone, recumbent
position
refers to the path of the central ray (CR) projecting an image onto an image receptor(IR).
projection
this is only in reference to the discussion of a radiograph
view
a film containing a processed image of an anatomic part of a patient as produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor(IR) - END RESULT
Radiograph
the production of radiographic images
radiography
positions the patient, takes the images, set techniques and help the radiologist perform procedures
radiographer (what we will be)
the doctor who interprets the radiographs that you have taken of a patient.
radiologist
positioning the body part and CR alignment select radiation protection set exposure factors (techniques) instructions to the patient processing the IR
5 functions of a radiographic exam
upright position, arms adducted, palms forward, head and feet straight ahead
anatomic position
describes the relationships between body parts in the anatomic position
imaginary planes
also know as the midsaggital plane and or median plane. this imaginary longitudianal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts
sagittal plane
also know as midcoronal plane and divedes the body into anterior or posterior
coronal plane
any transverse plane that passes through the body at a 90* angle to the longitudinal plane. this divides the body into superior and inferior portions
horizontal plane
a longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and NOT parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal planes
oblique plane
also known as dorsal
posterior
also know as ventral
anterior
refers to the posterior(sole) of a foot
Plantar
refers to the anterior(palm) of the hand
Palmar
type of projection that is touching the surface at only one point
Tangential
top portion of the lung field
apices
swayback position
lordotic
projection through the thorax
transthoracic projection
means curvature of the spine forward, hunchback
kyphotic
curvature of the spine from side to side
scoliosis
position where the head is lower than the feet
trendelendburg
position where the feet are lower than the head
Fowlers
a recumbent position with legs spread, knees up and flexed
lithotomy
5 things to evaluate on film
structures position collimation and shielding used exposure criteria(your technique) good Markers
bony landmark located at C1 and C2 in the dense
inion
bony landmark located behind the ears at C1, C2 feels like a dip
mastoid tip
bony landmark located at level C3
Gonion
bone located at C4
hyoid
bony landmark located near the clavicle
corocoid process
bony landmark at C7-T1
Vertebra prominens
bony landmark at T2-3
jugular notch
bony landmark T4-5
sternal angle
bony landmark T9-10
Xiphoid process
bony landmark L2-3
inferior costal(rib)margin
bony landmark L4-5 interspace
iliac crest
bony landmark S1-2
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)(sharp,pokey thing)
Bony landmark located at distal coccyx or slightly inferior to
greater trochanter
~1 inch inferior to distal coccyx
symphasis pubis
1 to 2 inches inferior to distal coccyx
ischial tuberosity
the penetration or strength of the xrays being given
kVp
kVp ranges
48-130
the number of xrays given or exposure
mAs
range of mAs
.5-630
what does it mean to be under penetrated
less gray
what does it mean to be overpenetrated
too many grays
what would overexposure look like
too much blackening
what would underexposure look like
too much white
low kVp and high mAs gives you what
high contrast
