Chapter 1 Flashcards
(135 cards)
0
Q
How structures of the human body function
A
Physiology
1
Q
The science of the structure of the human body
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Anatomy
2
Q
The lowest level of organization in the human body
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Chemical level
3
Q
All chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composed of
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Atoms
4
Q
Atoms join together to form what
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Molecules
5
Q
Various chemicals in the form of molecules band together to form what
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Cells
6
Q
Basic structural and functional unit of the human body
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Cell
7
Q
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function
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Tissues
8
Q
Four types of tissues
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
9
Q
Covers internal and external surfaces of the body including linings of vessels and organs
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Epithelial tissue
10
Q
Supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures
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Connective
11
Q
Tissues that make up the substance of a muscle
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Muscular
12
Q
Tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers
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Nervous
13
Q
Perform a specific function for the human body
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Organs
14
Q
Consists of organs that perform a common or related function
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System
15
Q
Systems of the body
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Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Nervous Muscular Endocrine Integumentary
16
Q
Composed of cardiovascular organs which include the heart, blood, blood vessels, the lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph glands
A
Circulatory system
17
Q
Support and protect the body
Allow movement by working along with muscles
Produce blood cells
Stores calcium
A
4 Functions of the skeletal system
18
Q
Another name for the digestive system
A
Alimentary canal
19
Q
Distributes O2 and nutrients to cells
Carries cell waste and CO2 from cells
Transports H2O, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes
Prevents hemorrhaging by forming blood clots
Protects against disease
Helps regulate body temp
A
6 Functions of the Circulatory system
21
Q
Prepares food for absorption by cells through chemical and physical breakdown process
Eliminates solid waste
A
2 Functions of the digestive system
22
Q
composed of mouth-anus
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digestive system
23
Q
made up of two lungs, nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree
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respiratory system
24
Q
supplies O2 in the blood
eliminates CO2 in the blood
assists in regulating acid-base balance of blood
A
3 functions of the respiratory system
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produces, collects, and eliminates urine
urinary system
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regulates chemical composition of blood
eliminates many waste products
regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
maintains acid base balance of body
4 functions of the urinary system
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produce offspring, in other words reproduce itself
function of the reproductive system
28
male reproductive organs
testes, vas deferens, prostate and penis
29
female reproductive organs
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
30
composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
Nervous system
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regulate body activities with electrical impulses which travel along nerves
function of the nervous system
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three types of muscular tissue that make up the muscular system
visceral
skeletal
cardiac
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smooth and involuntary muscle located in the walls of hollow organs
visceral muscle tissue
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composed of most of the body's muscle mass (43%) striated and under voluntary control
skeletal muscle tissue
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found only in the heart
cardiac muscle
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allows movement
maintains posture
produces heat
3 functions of the muscular system
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includes the ductless glands of the body such as: testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary.
Endocrine system
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regulates body activity by release of hormones through the bloodstream
function of the endocrine system
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composed of the skin and all structures derived from it including hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands.
Integumentary system
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Regulates body tem
protects the body
receives stimulus
eliminates waste through persperation
4 functions of the integumentary system
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the study of bones
osteology
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study of joints
arthrology
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the adult body is composed of how many bones
206
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the human skeleton is divided into what two parts
axial and appendicular
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composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
axial skeleton
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how many bones make up the axial skeleton
80
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composed of upper and lower limbs, the shoulders, and the pelvic girdles
appendicular skeleton
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how many bones make up the appendicular skeleton
126
49
What type of bone is the patella considered
sesamoid bone
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classification of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
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consist of a body and 2 ends, only found on appendicular skeleton
Long bones i.e humerus, tibia, femur
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cuboidal and short shaped bones
short bones i.e. wrist bones
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consist of 2 plates of compact bone w/ spongy center
flat bones i.e. scapula, sternum
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peculiar shaped, all other bones
irregular bones i.e. facial bones, vertebrae
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the process by which bones from in the body
ossification
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the primary center of ossification in bones
Diaphysis
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the secondary center at which bones form
epiphysis
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found between the epiphysis and the diaphysis until the skeletal growth is complete
Epiphyseal plate
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age at which full physical maturity is reached
25 years old
60
Classification of joints
functional
structural
synovial
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classified by mobility or lack of mobility in joints
functional joints
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3 common types of functional joints
Synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
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immovable functional joint
synarthrosis
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functional joint with limited movement
amphiarthrosis
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freely moveable functional joint
diarthrosis
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classified by the type of tissue that seperates the ends of the bones
Structural joint
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two types of structural joints
fibrous joints
| cartilaginous joints
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these types of structural joints lack a joint cavity and are held together by fibrous connective tissue
fibrous joints
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syndesmoses joint (distal tib/fib joint)
sutures of the skull
Gomphosis - teeth
fibrous joints
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structural joint held together by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
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Sympheses-such as the pubic symphisis
| synchondroses-a temporary from of a joint such as a epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous joints
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found in bone and helps you form blood cells
red marrow
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freely moveable joints characterized by a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid
synovial joints
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7 movements of synovial joints
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plane(gliding)
ginglymus(hinge)
trochoid(pivot)
ellipsoid(condyloid)
sellar(saddle)
spheroid(ball and socket)
bicondylar
```
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sliding or gliding motion: which include intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, and intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist
Plane (gliding) joints
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permit flexion and extension: which include interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toe, the knee, ankle, and elbow joints
Ginglymus(hinge) joints
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provide rotational movements: parts include proximal and distal radioulnar joints, and C1 and C2 vertebrae
trochoid (pivot) joints
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another name for the C1 vertebra
altas
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another name for the C2 vertebra
axis
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provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction: parts include the wrist
ellipsoid(condyloid)joints
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provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction: parts include the thumb
Sellar(saddle) joints
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greatest freedom of motion. provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, medial, and lateral rotation: part include the hip and shoulder joints
spheroid(ball and socket) joint
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usually provide motion in a single direction such as a knee or TMJ
bicondylar joints
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a term that describes the patient's general physical position such as supine, erect, prone, recumbent
position
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refers to the path of the central ray (CR) projecting an image onto an image receptor(IR).
projection
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this is only in reference to the discussion of a radiograph
view
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a film containing a processed image of an anatomic part of a patient as produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor(IR) - END RESULT
Radiograph
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the production of radiographic images
radiography
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positions the patient, takes the images, set techniques and help the radiologist perform procedures
radiographer (what we will be)
90
the doctor who interprets the radiographs that you have taken of a patient.
radiologist
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positioning the body part and CR alignment
select radiation protection
set exposure factors (techniques)
instructions to the patient
processing the IR
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5 functions of a radiographic exam
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upright position, arms adducted, palms forward, head and feet straight ahead
anatomic position
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describes the relationships between body parts in the anatomic position
imaginary planes
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also know as the midsaggital plane and or median plane. this imaginary longitudianal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts
sagittal plane
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also know as midcoronal plane and divedes the body into anterior or posterior
coronal plane
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any transverse plane that passes through the body at a 90* angle to the longitudinal plane. this divides the body into superior and inferior portions
horizontal plane
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a longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and NOT parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal planes
oblique plane
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also known as dorsal
posterior
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also know as ventral
anterior
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refers to the posterior(sole) of a foot
Plantar
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refers to the anterior(palm) of the hand
Palmar
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type of projection that is touching the surface at only one point
Tangential
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top portion of the lung field
apices
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swayback position
lordotic
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projection through the thorax
transthoracic projection
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means curvature of the spine forward, hunchback
kyphotic
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curvature of the spine from side to side
scoliosis
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position where the head is lower than the feet
trendelendburg
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position where the feet are lower than the head
Fowlers
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a recumbent position with legs spread, knees up and flexed
lithotomy
111
5 things to evaluate on film
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structures
position
collimation and shielding used
exposure criteria(your technique) good
Markers
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bony landmark located at C1 and C2 in the dense
inion
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bony landmark located behind the ears at C1, C2 feels like a dip
mastoid tip
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bony landmark located at level C3
Gonion
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bone located at C4
hyoid
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bony landmark located near the clavicle
corocoid process
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bony landmark at C7-T1
Vertebra prominens
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bony landmark at T2-3
jugular notch
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bony landmark T4-5
sternal angle
120
bony landmark T9-10
Xiphoid process
121
bony landmark L2-3
inferior costal(rib)margin
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bony landmark L4-5 interspace
iliac crest
123
bony landmark S1-2
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)(sharp,pokey thing)
124
Bony landmark located at distal coccyx or slightly inferior to
greater trochanter
125
~1 inch inferior to distal coccyx
symphasis pubis
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1 to 2 inches inferior to distal coccyx
ischial tuberosity
127
the penetration or strength of the xrays being given
kVp
128
kVp ranges
48-130
129
the number of xrays given or exposure
mAs
130
range of mAs
.5-630
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what does it mean to be under penetrated
less gray
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what does it mean to be overpenetrated
too many grays
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what would overexposure look like
too much blackening
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what would underexposure look like
too much white
135
low kVp and high mAs gives you what
high contrast
