CHAPTER 6: Long-Term Memory - Structure Flashcards
A patient suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome, such as “Jimmy G” who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
A. Following a story in a book
B. Solving problems that take more than a few moments to figure out
C. Recognizing people he has recently met
D. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
D. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as A. anterograde amnesia. B. retrograde amnesia. C. the primacy effect. D. the serial effect.
A. anterograde amnesia.
Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as A. anterograde amnesia. B. retrograde amnesia. C. the primacy effect. D. the serial effect.
B. retrograde amnesia.
Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?
A. I just sat down.
B. I was talking to that girl just before class.
C. I was talking to that boy three months ago.
D. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.
B. I was talking to that girl just before class.
The primacy effect is attributed to
A. recall of information stored in LTM.
B. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
C. recall of information still active in STM.
D. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.
A. recall of information stored in LTM.
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with A. LTM. B. STM. C. sensory memory. D. implicit memory.
A. LTM
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the \_\_\_\_ of a list. A. first five words B. middle five words C. last five words D. first five and the last five words
D. first five and the last five words
You’ve now learned about the serial position curve. The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a “remembering a list” experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?
A. The same serial position curve observed with free recall
B. A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
C. A diminished primacy effect, relative to free recall
D. Diminished primacy and recency effects, relative to free recall
B. A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace
A. has no effect on the curve.
B. increases the primacy effect.
C. decreases the recency effect.
D. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
B. increases the primacy effect.
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?
A. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall
B. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace
C. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
D. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)
C. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to
A. have participants say “la, la, la” while studying the list.
B. present the list more slowly.
C. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
D. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.
C. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who
A. shows a significantly reduced digit span.
B. cannot recognize either familiar faces or familiar voices.
C. exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.
D. shows evidence for deeper processing and shallow processing.
C. exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect.
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that \_\_\_\_ is crucial for the formation of LTMs. A. the hippocampus B. synaptic consolidation C. vitamin B1 D. deep processing
A. the hippocampus
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.’s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
A. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
B. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
A. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs.
B. Working memory does not rely on the hippocampus.
C. LTMs can still be present after the hippocampus is removed.
D. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.
D. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.
Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n) A. auditory code in short-term memory. B. auditory code in long-term memory. C. iconic code in short-term memory. D. iconic code in long-term memory.
B. auditory code in long-term memory.
The predominant type of coding in LTM is A. phonological. B. concrete. C. semantic. D. visual.
C. semantic.
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably
A. represent different aspects of the same mechanism.
B. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.
C. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
D. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
D. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? A. REAR B. PAIR C. APPLE D. BEAR
C. APPLE
We are conscious of \_\_\_\_\_ memories. A. implicit B. procedural C. declarative D. all of the above
C. declarative
Explicit memory is to\_\_\_\_\_as implicit memory is to \_\_\_\_\_. A. declarative; nondeclarative B. nondeclarative; declarative C. semantic; episodic D. episodic; semantic
A. declarative; nondeclarative
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? A. Classical conditioning B. Priming C. Procedural memory D. Semantic memory
D. Semantic memory
Two types of declarative memory are \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ memory. A. semantic; implicit B. implicit; episodic C. episodic; semantic D. procedural; episodic
C. episodic; semantic
One of the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
A. it involves mental time travel.
B. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
C. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.
D. it involves all of these.
A. it involves mental time travel.
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
A. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt.
B. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.
C. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
D. I remember “volcano” was the first word on the list Juan read to me.
C. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." A. Episodic B. Semantic C. Procedural D. Implicit
B. Semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?
A. I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving.
B. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
C. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
D. None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory)
C. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of \_\_\_\_\_ memory. A. episodic B. implicit C. semantic D. procedural
A. episodic
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother’s death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
A. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory.
C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
A. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with \_\_\_\_ memory. A. semantic B. procedural C. episodic D. working
C. episodic
Your text describes an “Italian woman” who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
A. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.
C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
A. recognizing famous people.
B. remembering the meaning of some words.
C. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
D. remembering where a best friend had moved.
D. remembering where a best friend had moved.
Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how
A. semantic memory can bias episodic memory.
B. episodic memory can be a “gateway” to semantic memory.
C. semantic memories are easier to form than episodic memories.
D. episodic memories last longer than semantic memories.
B. episodic memory can be a “gateway” to semantic memory.
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
A. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events.
B. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
C. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory.
D. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.
B. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
A. just read about the singer in a magazine.
B. just seen the singer on TV.
C. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine.
D. attended the singer’s concert last year with her boyfriend.
D. attended the singer’s concert last year with her boyfriend.
Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student’s behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
A. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
B. One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook.
C. One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense.
D. One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.
A. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that
A. it always leads to episodic memory for events.
B. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect.
C. we are not conscious we are using it.
D. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.
C. we are not conscious we are using it.
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of A. repetition priming. B. distributed practice. C. reconsolidation. D. mental time travel.
A. repetition priming.
Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates A. repetition priming. B. conceptual priming. C. reconsolidation. D. mental time travel.
B. conceptual priming.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of
A. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
B. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus.
C. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
D. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
A. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
Memory enhancement due to conceptual priming is a result of
A. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
B. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus.
C. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
D. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
C. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
A. Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list
B. Recalling the names of popular fairy tales
C. Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations
D. Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
D. Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following?
A. “Report the first word that you associate with TREE.”
B. “Explain your earliest personal memory that relates to TREE.”
C. “Which of the following words is related to “plant,” TREE or SHOE.”
D. “Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E.”
D. “Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E.”
This multiple choice question is an example of a \_\_\_\_ test. A. recall B. recognition C. word-completion D. personal semantic memory
B. recognition
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that \_\_\_\_ memory does not depend on conscious memory. A. declarative and non-declarative B. personal semantic and remote C. semantic and episodic D. implicit and procedural
D. implicit and procedural
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
A. Knowing how it feels to be scared
B. Recalling a childhood memory
C. Knowing how an automobile engine works
D. Reading a sentence in a book
D. Reading a sentence in a book
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
A. only when we are aware we’ve seen them before.
B. simply because we have been exposed to them before.
C. only when we agree with them.
D. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.
B. simply because we have been exposed to them before.
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? A. The self-reference effect B. The propaganda effect C. Release from proactive inhibition D. Encoding specificity
B. The propaganda effect
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
A. Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus.
B. Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is.
C. Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
D. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.
C. Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? A. The Bourne Identity B. Memento C. The Long Kiss Goodnight D. 50 First Dates
D. 50 First Dates
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
a. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt.
b. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.
c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
d. I remember “volcano” was the first word on the list Juan read to me.
c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST LIKELY be accomplished by
a. repeating it over and over.
b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
c. using it in a sentence.
d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.
a. repeating it over and over.
Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is
a. state-dependent learning.
b. encoding.
c. memory consolidation.
d. transfer-appropriate processing.
b. encoding.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
a. Lilia recalls her grandmother’s house where she grew up, even though she hasn’t been there for 22 years.
b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up “short stories” and mental images to describe each movement.
c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped to write the play and she based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.
d. Serena’s keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
d. Serena’s keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.
d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word “HOMES” as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in “HOMES” provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes - Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of
a. a self-reference effect.
b. repetition priming.
c. implicit memory.
d. elaborative rehearsal.
d. elaborative rehearsal.
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is
a. encoded.
b. stored.
c. retrieved.
d. all of the above
a. encoded.
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.
a. semantically; acoustically
b. phonologically; phonologically
c. phonologically; semantically
d. semantically; visually
b. phonologically; phonologically
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the BEST long-term memory for a set of words?
a. making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
b. deciding how many vowels each word has
c. generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
d. repeating the words over and over in your mind
a. making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory.
b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events.
c. Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.
d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.
c. Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on:
a. the number of vowels in a word.
b. the meaning of a word.
c. the pleasantness of a word.
d. the category of a word.
a. the number of vowels in a word.
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST LIKELY to lead to deep processing of the information?
a. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology
b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words, because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
c. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
d. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.
c. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Hyde and Jenkins conducted research to investigate the following question: Will deep processing cause better memory, even if people don’t realize their memory will be tested? Their research showed
a. deeper processing led to better memory than shallow processing, only when participants knew they would be tested.
b. deeper processing led to better memory than shallow processing, whether or not participants knew there would be a memory test.
c. shallow processing led to better memory than deeper processing, only when participants knew they would be tested.
d. the participants performed better when they knew they would be tested than when they didn’t know they would be tested, for both shallow and deep processing.
b. deeper processing led to better memory than shallow processing, whether or not participants knew there would be a memory test.
The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally MOST effective if the generated sentence is
a. simple.
b. complex.
c. neutral.
d. vague.
b. complex.
Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like, “the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat”) rather than a simple sentence (like, “he rode the bicycle”). This probably occurs because the complex sentence
a. causes more rehearsal.
b. takes longer to process.
c. creates more connections.
d. is more interesting
c. creates more connections.
According to your text, imagery enhances memory, because
a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests a reliance on
a. the self-reference effect.
b. a mass practice effect.
c. the integrative experience effect.
d. semantic memory.
a. the self-reference effect.
Free recall of the stimulus list “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants” will MOST LIKELY yield which of these response patterns?
a. “apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants”
b. “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants”
c. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
d. “apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa”
c. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like “chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa” to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
b. effect of proactive interference.
c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
d. way the phonological loop re-organizes information based on sound during rehearsal.
a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
a. Retrograde
b. Encoding
c. Retrieval
d. Processing
c. Retrieval
Bransford and Johnson’s study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.
a. implicit memory during learning
b. an organizational context during learning
c. deep processing during retrieval
d. imagery
b. an organizational context during learning
The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.
a. rehearsal
b. organization
c. depth of processing
d. forming connections with other information
b. organization
Hebb proposed a mechanism based on
a. changes at the synapse.
b. long-term potentiation.
c. changes in specialized areas of the brain.
d. both a and b are correct
d. both a and b are correct
Long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, refers to
a. enhanced firing in the presynaptic neuron.
b. enhanced firing in the postsynaptic neuron.
c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
d. more frequent electrical impulses in the synapse.
b. enhanced firing in the postsynaptic neuron.
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by STRUCTURAL changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
a. presynaptic neuron.
b. postsynaptic neuron.
c. neurotransmitters.
d. synapse.
c. neurotransmitters.
Research on the physiology of memory suggests that neural circuits are built, strengthened, and reinforced by
a. learning.
b. implicit memory only.
c. electroconvulsive therapy.
d. retrieval failures.
a. learning.
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can’t recall the last play before the hit) reflect
a. a failure of memory consolidation.
b. disrupted long-term potentiation.
c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.
d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
a. a failure of memory consolidation.
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the medial temporal lobe is important in
a. procedural memory.
b. long-term memory storage.
c. working memory.
d. long-term memory acquisition.
d. long-term memory acquisition.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
a. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs.
b. Working memory does not rely on the hippocampus.
c. LTMs can still be present after the hippocampus is removed.
d. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.
d. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.
People often report an annoying memory failure where they walk from one end of the house to the other for something, and when they get to their destination, they forget what they went to retrieve. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
a. the self-reference effect.
b. maintenance rehearsal.
c. levels of processing theory.
d. encoding specificity.
d. encoding specificity.
Mantyla’s “banana / yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.
b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.
c. using visual images.
d. by the person whose memory will be tested.
d. by the person whose memory will be tested.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
a. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues.
b. the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.
c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.
b. the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
a. Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
b. Even though Walt hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
c. Although Emily doesn’t very often think about her first love, Steve, she can’t help getting caught up in happy memories of Steve when “their song” (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
d. Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it’s best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
c. Although Emily doesn’t very often think about her first love, Steve, she can’t help getting caught up in happy memories of Steve when “their song” (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as
a. memory consolidation.
b. repetition priming.
c. encoding specificity.
d. a self-reference effect.
c. encoding specificity.
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes, and you study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
a. excited
b. calm
c. nervous
d. neutral
b. calm
Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension, because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
a. organization
b. highlighting
c. making up questions about the material
d. feedback
b. highlighting
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
a. short.
b. long.
a. short.
Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a psychology test in four days. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
a. Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each woman studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).
b. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.
c. Katie should perform better because of the distributed practice effect.
d. Katie should perform better because she is more likely to experience repetition priming over multiple study sessions.
c. Katie should perform better because of the distributed practice effect.
The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by
a. the encoding specificity principle.
b. the mass practice effect.
c. levels of processing.
d. the distributed practice effect.
a. the encoding specificity principle.
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar’s experience demonstrates
a) The phonological similarity effect
b) A build-up and release of proactive interference
c) The cocktail party phenomenon
d) A partial-report procedure
b) A build-up and release of proactive interference
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
a) Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
b) Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
c) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
d) Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
c) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
a) it always leads to episodic memory for events.
b) it is enhanced by the self-reference effect.
c) we are not conscious we are using it.
d) people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.
c) we are not conscious we are using it.
People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ____ brought on by Korsakoff’s syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories.
a) agnosia
b) amnesia
c) the primacy effect
d) the serial effect
b) amnesia
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
a) Lilia recalls her grandmother’s house where she grew up, even though she hasn’t been there for 22 years.
b) Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up “short stories” and mental images to describe each movement.
c) Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.
d) Serena’s keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
d) Serena’s keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Long term memory covers a span that stretches from about _____ to your ____ memories.
30 seconds ago to your earliest memories
What are the 3 different types of LTM (division)?
- explicit versus implicit memory (declarative vs non-declarative)
- Episodic vs semantic memory (specific experiences from the past vs. facts)
- Procedural memory (how to carry out physical actions)
What is the definition of division in LTM?
different types of long-term memory
