CHAPTER 2: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
1
Q
What is happening inside Sven’s brain that makes it possible for him to hear the alarm, take appropriate action to turn it off, and know that he can sleep a little longer and still get to his early morning class on time?
A
- Hearing the alarm occurs when sound waves from the alarm enter Sven’s ears and stimulate receptors that change the sound energy into electrical signals
- These signals then reach the auditory area of Sven’s brain, which causes him to hear the ringing of the bell
- Then signals are sent from a number of places in the brain to the motor area, which controls movement. the motor area sends signals to the muscles of Sven’s hand and arm, which carry out the movement that turns off the alarm.
2
Q
What is cognitive neuroscience?
A
The study of the physiological basis of cognition
3
Q
What does cognitive neuroscience involve understanding…?
A
Involves an understanding of both the nervous system as well as the individual units that comprise that system
4
Q
What experiments do we need to do to understand how the mind works?
A
both behavioural and physiological experiments
5
Q
We do not examine topics of interest from a single perspective, but we look at them from _________ and different points of view.
A
multiple angles
6
Q
what are neurons?
A
cells specialised to create, receive, and transmit information in the nervous system – small units that create and transmit information about what we experience and know
7
Q
What do each neuron have?
A
cell body
axon
dendrites
8
Q
What does the nerve net theory propose?
A
proposed that signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions.
9
Q
What do the interconnections of neurons create?
A
a nerve net
10
Q
The interconnections of neurons create a nerve net, which is like a continuous network that is similar to a ___?
A
…highway
– One street connects to another but without stop signs
– This allows for almost nonstop, continuous communication of signals throughout the network
11
Q
what was the nerve net theory contradicted by?
A
the neuron doctrine
12
Q
Who proposed the neuron doctrine?
A
Ramon y Cajal
13
Q
what does the neuron doctrine propose?
A
the idea that individual nerve cells transmit signals, and are not continuous with other cells
14
Q
Definition of cell body:
A
contains mechanisms to keep cell alive
15
Q
Definition of Dendrites:
A
multiple branches of reaching from the cell body, which receives information from others neurons
16
Q
Definition of Axon:
A
tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons
17
Q
How do neurotransmitters transfer?
A
Neurotransmitters (chemicals) are transferred from one neuron to the next at a synapse.
At any synapse, the transmission is in only one direction.
– One neuron is the sending neuron.
– The other neuron is the receiving neuron.
– Neurons can either excite or inhibit the neural actions of other neurons.
18
Q
Definition of synapse
A
small gap between end of neuron’s axon and dendrites/cell body of another neuron
19
Q
Definition of neural circuits
A
groups of interconnected neurons (form connections to specific neurons)
20
Q
Definition of receptors
A
Specialized neurons to pick up information from environment.
21
Q
how do neurons communicate?
A
(a) When the nerve cell is at rest, there is a difference in charge, called the resting potential, of –70 millivolts (mv) between the inside and outside of the axon. The difference in charge between
the recording and reference electrodes is fed into a computer and displayed on
a computer monitor.
(b) As the nerve impulse, passes the electrode, the inside of the fibre near the electrode becomes more positive.
(c) As the nerve impulse moves past the electrode, the charge in the fibre becomes more negative.
(d) Eventually the neuron returns to its resting state.
22
Q
What is the process of action potential?
A
– Neuron receives signal from environment
– Information travels down the axon of that neuron to the dendrites of another neuron
23
Q
Measuring action potentials
A
– Microelectrodes pick up electrical signal
– Placed near axon
– Active for 1 millisecond
24
Q
how do neurons communicate using the synapse?
A
space between axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another
When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, synaptic vesicles open and release chemical neurotransmitters
25
what are neurotransmitters and how do they work when neurons communicate?
chemicals that affect the electrical signal of the receiving neuron, cross the synapse and bind with the receiving dendrites
26
how is the action potential measured?
– The size is not measured; size remains consistent
– The rate of firing is measured
• Low intensities: slow firing
• High intensities: fast firing
27
When neurons are communicating, increasing the stimulus intensity causes?
an increase in the rate of nerve firing
28
What is "Principle of Neural representation"?
everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.
29
"Principle of Neural representation" Gil's conversation with Mary:
Gil sees Mary → light reflected from Mary enters Gil’s eyes → image is focused on retina (layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye) = a representation of Mary
Receptors in retina transform image into electrical signals → travel through retina → leave back of eye in optic nerve → visual cortex (area at the back of brain that receives signal from the eye)
30
how do action potentials determine different qualities?
the action potentials for each quality might look different.
31
example of magnitude of experience related to rate of nerve firing?
perception of a 100-watt light brighter than a 40-watt light bulb
32
what was the experiment Hubel & Wiesel conducted to determine which stimuli caused specific neurons to fire?
presented visual stimuli to cats
a) An experiment in which electrical signals are recorded from the visual system of an anaesthetized cat that is viewing stimuli presented on the screen. The lens in front of the cat’s eye ensures that the images on the screen will be focused on the cat’s retina.
b) A few of the types of stimuli that causes neurons in the cat’s visual cortex to fire.
33
What did Hubel & Wiesel conclude after they conduced the experiment presenting visual stimuli to cats to determine which stimuli caused specific neurons to fire?
found that each neuron in visual area of cortex responded to a specific type of stimulation presented to a small area of the retina.
34
What did Hubel & Wiesel call the neurons in the visual area of cortex responded to a specific type of stimulation presented to a small area of the retina?
feature detectors because they responded to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement and length
35
Where is the first place that electrical signals from the eye reach the brain
situated in the visual cortex (back of the head)
36
What are feature detectors?
respond to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement & length.
37
Where are feature detectors situated?
in the visual cortex in occipital lobe (first place that electrical signals from the eye
reach the brain)
38
neurons that respond to more complex stimulus features (geometrical shapes, hands buildings or faces) or to a combination of simple stimulus features (e.g. left-tilted line that moves to the right) are situated in the?
temporal lobe
39
who conducted an experiment to find out how complex stimuli are represented but the firing of neurons in the brain?
Charles gross
40
how did Charles gross conduct an experiment to find out how complex stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons in the brain?
recorded from single neurons in monkeys temporal lobe (on the side of the brain).
he presented monkeys with lines, squares, and circles (some were light, some were dark).
The shapes are arranged in order of their ability to cause the neurons to fire, from none (1) to little (2 and 3), to maximum (6). Thus, the more the shape looked like a thin hand with fingers pointing upwards, the more the neurons started firing.
41
What did Charles Gross conclude from his experiment regarding how complex stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons in the brain?
```
found a neuron that refused to respond to any of the
standard stimuli (i.e., the bars, circles and squares)⇒ respond to hand like shape with finger pointing up.
```
After expanding the types of stimuli presented and the place of recording, researchers also found some other
neurons in the temporal lobe that responded best to faces, but didn’t respond to other types of complex stimuli like hands or buildings.
42
neurons in the visual cortex respond to?
respond to simple stimuli like oriented bars;
43
neurons in the temporal lobe respond to?
respond to complex geometrical stimuli; and
44
neurons in another area of the temporal lobe respond to?
respond to hand shapes or faces.
45
Neurons in the visual cortex that respond to relatively simple stimuli send their axons to?
higher levels of the visual system, where signals from many neurons combine and interact;
46
Neurons at this higher level, which respond to more complex stimuli such as geometrical objects send signals to ?
higher areas, combining and interacting further and creating neurons that respond to even more complex stimuli
47
what is hierarchical processing
when we perceive different objects, we do so in a specific order that moves from lower to higher areas of the brain
The ascension from lower to higher areas of the brain corresponds to perceiving objects that move from lower (simple) to higher levels of complexity
48
definition of Sensory code:
how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment.
49
Problem of sensory coding?
problem of neural representation for senses. How does the nervous system send information that results in a rich perception? So, trying to understand how the neurons in our brain activate to stimuli in our outside environment that we sense. E.g., which neurons activate if we see a tree? We don’t know exactly how this works.
50
what is specificity coding?
The representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus.
51
definition of population coding:
neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons.
52
advantage of population coding:
large number of stimuli can be represented
53
Definition of sparse coding:
neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neuron. so when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority neurons remaining silent.
54
Where did early evidence for localisation of function come from?
neuropsychology
55
What is localisation of function?
specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
56
what is neuropsychology?
the field of psychology that aims to understand how behaviour and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of people with brain damage
57
What is the cerebral cortex?
3mm thick layer that covers the brain -- contains mechanisms responsible for most of our cognitive functions
58
Where is the frontal lobe located?
Front of head
59
Where is the Temporal lobe located?
Sit behind the ears on the sides of head
60
Where is the parietal lobe located?
Near the back on top of the head
61
Where is the occipital lobe located?
back of the head
62
the hemispheric division of the brain has strong implications for ?
cognitive behaviours
63
What is the left hemisphere responsible for?
language and analytic thought
64
What is the right hemisphere responsible for?
spatial & perceptual relations, creativity
65
visual stimuli, like most sensory information, is processed _______ to the _______
contralateral to the visual field.
66
What does it mean that visual stimuli like most sensory information is processed contralateral to the visual field?
information from the left visual field is processed in the right hemisphere of the brain and information from the right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain.
67
What results were found when contralateral processing is paired with hemispheric specialisation?
shapes presented in the right visual field (left hemisphere) may take longer to identify than shapes presented to the left visual field (right hemisphere), while words presented on the left visual field may take longer to process than those presented to the right visual field.
68
The two hemispheres in the brain differ in their specialisation: TRUE or FALSE?
TRUE
69
Is information shared between the brain's right and left hemisphere in split-brain patients?
no
70
What are split brain patients?
split-brain patients had a operation that surgically severed the corpus callous (broad band of neural fibres that connect the two hemispheres)
71
has research shown linguistic advantage in the right or left hemisphere?
left hemisphere
72
has reproach show that manual tasks has an advantage in the right or left hemisphere?
right hemisphere
73
Split brain patients have undergone surgery to cut?
the corpus callosium
74
is the right or left hemisphere dominant for verbal processing?
left hemisphere
75
What happened with split brain patients were shown the word face in their right visual field?
as the left hemisphere is dominant for verbal processing the patients gives the correct answer
76
what happened with split brain patients were shown the word face in their left visual field?
since the right hemisphere cannot share information, the patient cannot say they see face but rather the can draw it.
77
What happens when a brain is damaged because of a stroke?
disruption of food supply to brain (usually cause by blood clot)
78
What did Paul Broca (1861) study?
He studied a patient who had suffered damage to his left frontal lobe who had difficulty with talking and could only say the word "tan"
79
What did Paul Broca suggested about the study he conducted of a patient who had suffered damage to his left frontal lobe?
Suggested that the area in the left frontal lobe is specialised for speech, production language
80
Function of parietal lobe?
processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement, interprets language, hearing
Function. The parietal lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. It is home to the brain's primary somatic sensory cortex, a region where the brain interprets input from other areas of the body.
81
function of the frontal lobe?
important for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity. Personality, behaviour, emotions, planning, problem solving, speech, writing, body movement, intelligence, concentration
82
function of occipital lobe?
primarily responsible for vision. interprets vision (collar, light, movement)
83
function of temporal lobe?
processes memories, integrating them with sensations of test, sound, sight, and touch, understands language, hearing, memory
84
Function of the cerebellum?
its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance
85
Function of Brain stem?
acts as a relay centre connecting the cerebrum and the cerebella, to the spinal cord. performs automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, etc.
86
Where Is the cerebellum located?
under the cerebrum
87
Function of cerebrum?
largest part of the brain and is composed of the right and ;eft hemisphere. it performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement
88
What did Carl Wernicke study?
Patients with damage in an area of the temporal lobe
patient where speech was fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent
89
What did Carl Wernicke suggest about the patients he studied with damage in an area of the temporal lobe?
suggested that the part of the temporal lobe that was damaged in these rationed is responsible for Language comprehension.
90
Where is language production (speech) impaired by damage to?
Broca's area (frontal lobe)
91
Where is language comprehension is impaired by damage to?
Wernicke's area (temporal lobe)
92
Where is the primary receiving area for the sense vision?
occipital lobe
93
Where is the primary receiving area for the senses touch, temptation, and pain?
parietal lobe
94
Where is the primary receiving area for the senses hearing, taste, and smell?
temporal lobe
95
Coordination of information received from all sense is in which lobe?
frontal lobe
96
What is prosopagnosia?
an inability to recognise faces. people with prosopagnosia can tell that a fact is a face, but can't recognise whose face it is. In some cases, they will not even recognise their own face in the mirror.
97
How is prosopagnosia caused?
damage to the temporal lobe on the lower right side of the brain
98
what is double dissociation?
when damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present.
99
What is the importance of discovering double dissociation?
it enables us to conclude that functions A and B are served by different mechanisms, which operate independently of one another
• Example: Face recognition & object recognition
– Find a patient who can’t recognize face (Function A) but can recognize objects (Function B) + patient who can recognize face but can’t recognize objects
– Shows that functions A & B are served by different mechanisms (operates independently of each other)
100
What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) create images of?
creates images of structures within the brain
101
What are MRI's useful for?
detecting tumours and other brain abnormalities.
excellent for revealing brain structures
102
Do MRI's indicate neural activity?
no
103
What does Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enable?
enabled researchers to determine how various types of cognition activate different areas of the brain
104
how does fMRI work?
1) blood flows increased in areas of the brain activated by cognitive task
2) measure: haemoglobin (carries oxygen) contains a ferrous (iron) molecule - has magnetic properties
3) fMRI indicates presence of brain activity because haemoglobin molecules in areas of high Brian activity lose some oxygen they are transporting --> more magnetic --> molecules respond to magnetic field
4) detects chances in magnetic response of haemoglobin
5) red and yellow --> increases in brain activity; blue and green --> decreases in brain activity.
105
How is activity record in fMRI?
voxels
106
what are voxels?
small cube-shaped areas of brain about 2 or 3 mm on a side -- small unties of analysis created by fMRO scanner (like pixels)
107
What does Fusiform Face Area (FFA) respond to?
response specifically to faces
| - temporal lobe
108
Where is the Fusiform Face Area?
located on the underside of the brain (temporal lobe)
109
What is the Parahippocampal place area (PPA)?
specific area of the brain activated by pictures representing indoor and outdoor scenes (spatial layout)
- increased activation when viewing pictures both of empty rooms and of rooms that are completely furnished
110
What is the Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)?
specific area of brain activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bdoeis
111
What is meant by distributed presentation?
the idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain
- many different areas may contribute to a function
- may appear to contradict the notion of localisation of function, but the two concepts are complementary
112
Definition of neural networks?
groups of neurons or structure that are connected together
113
What is pain matrix?
all structures in this network, determine the nature of overall experience of pain
114
The perception of pain is caused by?
the activation of a network called the pain matrix
115
What is electroencephalogram (EEG)?
a record of the summed electrical activity of a great number of cortical neurons
116
How does a EEG work?
measured form scaled electrons (typically embedded in a electrode cap)
amplitude and frequency of the EEG signal (seen on computer screen) strongly correlate with the general brain state of the participant
when one falls asleep the signal becomes slower in frequency (a decrease in the number of cycles per second) and higher in amplitude
117
What is Event-Related Potentials (ERP)?
use similar equipment to EEG, i.e. electrons attached to the scalp. However, the key difference is that a stimulus is presented to a participant (ex., picture/sound) and the researcher looks for activity related to that stimulus
118
Definition of amplitude?
the distance between the resting position and the top and bottom of the waves. you can measure this distance
119
Definition of frequency?
Is the amount of waves that happen is a second. Can be measured by counting the waves throughout one second. the waves stare and end in the middle
120
Definition of Spatial resolution:
refers to the precision of a measurement with regards to place
121
Definition of Temporal Resolution:
refers to the precision of a measurement with regards to time
122
EEG is not as good as fMRI in providing information about?
where exactly in the brain the signal snare coming from.
123
EEG has a high spatial resolution. TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE
124
EEG has a high temporal resolution TRUE or FALSE?
TRUE
125
What is Transcranial Stimulation (TMS)?
A method to temporary alter brain activity
126
What is Transcranial Stimulation (TMS) used to study?
the casual link between brain structure and cognitive function
127
How is Transcranial Stimulation (TMS) conducted?
A magnetic field stimulator, or, coil is placed near the head of a person. The magnetic coil induces electrical current within the cerebral cortex without any discomfort
128
Transcranial Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that can be used to?
stimulus or inhibit certain brain regions
129
Transcranial Stimulation (TMS) has been used to map ______ and to interline in cognitive processes.
cognitive functions
130
In Transcranial Stimulation (TMS) a "virtual lesion" can be created and the resulting disturbance of a specific task performance can be measured. What does this mean?
This means that TMS is able to identify a direct relationship between the studied brain region and the behavioural outcome
131
Although early anatomists viewed neurons as forming a continuous structure called a ___, Ramon y Cajal proposed the ____, which recognised that neurons are distinct, individual structures that communicate with each other.
a. nerve fiber; neural network
b. structural net; functional net
c. potentiator; interactionist model
d. neural net; neuron doctrine
d. neural net; neuron doctrine
132
Which approach refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each one contributing its own dimension to our understanding?
a. levels of analysis
b. network modeling
c. information processing
d. cognitive neuroscience
a. levels of analysis
133
Studying _____ is to studying the performance of a gaming mouse as studying _____ is to studying the hardware and software that affect its performance.
a. anatomy; behavior
b. anatomy; physiology
c. behavior; physiology
d. physiology; behavior
c. behavior; physiology
134
Because of _____, it is possible for a signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.
a. nerve impulses
b. action potentials
c. neurotransmitters
d. ion exchange
c. neurotransmitters
135
According to the principle of _____, everything a person experiences in based on representations in the person's nervous system.
a. neural representation
b. physiologic equivalence
c. neuronal nets
d. cognitive encoding
a. neural representation
136
When stimulus intensity increases, the _____ of neurons increases.
a. firing intensity
b. firing rate
c. excitatory threshold
d. action potential threshold
b. firing rate
137
Hubel and Wiesel found that neurons they called _____ responded to characteristics of visual stimuli such as orientation, movement, and length.
a. specificity neurons
b. sparse coders
c. feature detectors
d. dissociators
c. feature detectors
138
Skye is recording from ten neurons in an area of the brain involved in processing information about faces. She finds that one neuron responds to Garrett's face and only Garrett's face; one neuron respond's to Maria's face and only Maria's face; and one neuron responds to Kayla's face and only Kayla's face. Skye's findings are most consistent with _____ coding.
a. identity
b. specificity
c. population
d. feature
b. specificity
139
Brittany is recording from twelve neurons in an area of the brain involved in processing information about faces. She finds that neurons 1, 3, 6 and 9 respond to Garrett's face and only Garrett's face; neurons 2, 4, 5 and 8 respond to Maria's face and only Maria's face; and neurons 7, 8, 10 and 11 respond to Kayla's face and only Kayla's face. Brittany's findings are most consistent with _____ coding.
a. identity
b. specificity
c. population
d. feature
c. population
140
Paul Broca found that damage to what is now called Broca's area results in difficulty with the _____ of speech while Carl Wernicke found that damage to what is now called Wernicke's area results in difficulty with the _____ of speech.
a. production; comprehension
b. production and comprehension; production but not the comprehension
c. comprehension but not the production; production and comprehension
d. comprehension; production
a. production; comprehension
141
Santino has damage to the temporal lobe on the lower right side of his brain and is experiencing _____, which is an inability to recognize faces.
a. hemi-neglect
b. apraxia
c. aphasia
d. prosopagnosia
d. prosopagnosia
142
Cole is a neuropsychologist studying patients with damage in areas of the brain related to vision. One patient, C.M., scores within normal limits on tests of visual imagery but experiences left-sided visual neglect and does not report objects presented on the left side of his body. The other patient, N.I., does not experience left-sided neglect but scores abnormally on tests of visual imagery. Taken together, Cole's patients demonstrate _____.
a. functional independence
b. complex networking
c. sparse localization
d. double dissociation
d. double dissociation
143
The temporal lobe is to the _____ as the parietal lobe is to the _____.
a. somatosensory cortex; coordination of the senses
b. visual cortex; auditory cortex
c. auditory cortex; somatosensory cortex
d. auditory cortex; coordination of the senses
c. auditory cortex; somatosensory cortex
144
The technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which has enabled researchers to determine how various types of cognition activate different areas of the brain, makes use of the fact that _____.
a. highly active areas of the brain are denser and block magnetic impulses
b. neural impulses generate tiny magnetic fields
c. hemoglobin, which transmits oxygen, has magnetic properties
d. radioactively-labeled glucose light up more on scanning
c. hemoglobin, which transmits oxygen, has magnetic properties
145
Research indicates that the PPA would be most likely to respond to a picture of _____.
a. human or animal faces
b. body parts other than the face
c. outdoor scenes
d. abstract paintings
c. outdoor scenes
146
The idea of _____ representation asserts that a specific cognitive function may activate a number of areas throughout the brain.
a. distributed
b. complex
c. population
d. massed
a. distributed
147
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together are called _____.
a. distributed functions
b. population processes
c. interactional topologies
d. neural networks
d. neural networks
148
Which technique is able to trace the communication pathways among neurons?
a. magnetic resonance imaging
b. diffusion tensor imaging
c. positron emission tomography
d. computer aided tomography
b. diffusion tensor imaging
149
In a physiological levels of analysis to memory, what would be the second step?
a. neurons activated
b. brain storage
c. chemical processes
d. storage activated
a. neurons activated
150
Nerve nets were initially likened to work like ___.
a. a mountain
b. a highway
c. quicksand
d. a volcano
b. a highway
151
The neuron doctrine, ___ the nerve net theory, suggests that individual cells transmitting signals ___ continuous with each other.
a. like; are
b. like; are not
c. unlike; are
d. unlike; are not
d. unlike; are not
152
Consistent with the principle of neural representation, which of the following factors would be LEAST consequential in understanding our experience of seeing another person?
a. electrical signals in one's optic nerve
b. electrical signals in one's brain
c. the image on one's retina
d. the light reflected from the other person
d. the light reflected from the other person
153
The fact that certain neurons might respond to only your mother's face but not your father's face highlights the importance of ___.
a. specificity coding
b. population coding
c. hierarchical processing
d. feature detectors
a. specificity coding
154
Population coding is to sparse coding as ___.
a. pattern is to disorganized
b. disorganized is to pattern
c. large is to small
d. small is to large
c. large is to small
155
If you're having problems with your vision, then it's likely that there could be a problem with your ___ lobe.
a. frontal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. temporal
b. occipital
156
How does Broca's area differ from Wernicke's area?
a. Broca's area is in the occipital lobe whereas Wernicke's area is in the occipital lobe.
b. Broca's area is involved with producing language whereas Wernicke's area helps to comprehend language.
c. Broca's area is involved in memory whereas Wernicke's area is not.
d. Broca's area tends to be damaged in stroke victims whereas Wernicke's area is damaged in schizophrenic individuals.
b. Broca's area is involved with producing language whereas Wernicke's area helps to comprehend language.
157
Suppose you're carefully deliberating as to whether to accept a certain job offer. In doing so, you are especially using your ___ lobe.
a. temporal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. frontal
d. frontal
158
Your ability to perceive pain is particularly guided by your ___ lobe.
a. temporal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. frontal
c. parietal
159
Greta suffers from prosopagnosia. As such, we would expect her to ___.
a. show limited intelligence
b. have poor speech production
c. not be able to see clearly
d. have an inability to recognize faces
d. have an inability to recognize faces
160
With a double dissociation,
a. damage to one area of the brain causes damage to another area.
b. damage present in one area of the brain causes disruption while another area continues to function.
c. one area of brain improves its functioning while another area remains constant.
d. two areas of the brain are simultaneously damaged but then improve.
b. damage present in one area of the brain causes disruption while another area continues to function.
161
The chief limitation of magnetic resonance imaging is that ___.
a. it does not detect brain abnormalities
b. it is rarely used in clinical practice
c. it can't reveal brain structures
d. it doesn't indicate neural activity
d. it doesn't indicate neural activity
162
The extrastriate body area would be expected to become activated by seeing all of the following EXCEPT ___.
a. faces
b. legs
c. hands
d. torsos
a. faces
163
If a researcher detects how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers, then he or she is likely engaged in the technique called ___.
a. functional magnetic resonance imaging
b. magnetic resonance imaging
c. distributed representation
d. diffusion tensor imaging
d. diffusion tensor imaging
164
The Gestalt principle of perceptual organisation can best be considered as?
A. Heuristics
B Algorithms
C. Physiological responses
D. completely untrue
A. Heuristics
165
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
A. cognitive psychology
B. neuroscience
C. Cognitive Neuroscience
D. neuropsychology
C. cognitive neuroscience
166
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
A. continuous.
B. composed of discrete individual units.
C. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites.
D. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.
A. continuous.
167
```
The neuron doctrine is
A. in agreement with nerve net theory.
B. unrelated to nerve net theory.
C. synonymous with nerve net theory.
D. in disagreement with nerve net theory.
```
D. in disagreement with nerve net theory.
168
The key structural components of neurons are
A. cell body, dendrites, and transmitters.
B. axon, dendrites, and modules.
C. cell body, dendrites, and axon.
D. transmitters, dendrites, and axon.
C. cell body, dendrites, and axon.
169
```
Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons?
A. Cell body
B. Dendrite
C. Receptor
D. Axon
```
D. Axon
170
A synapse is
A. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals.
B. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive.
C. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.
D. the space between neurons.
D. the space between neurons.
171
Neural circuits are groups of interconnected neurons that
A. have only excitatory synapses.
B. have only inhibitory synapses.
C. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus.
D. are primarily responsible for automatic behaviors, like reflexes.
C. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus.
172
```
Action potentials occur in the
A. cell body.
B. synapse.
C. neurotransmitters.
D. axon.
```
D. axon.
173
Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment?
A. Positron emission tomography scanner
B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner
C. Microelectrode
D. Neurotransmitter
C. Microelectrode
174
An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity. If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are
A. less frequent and smaller in size.
B. less frequent and of the same size.
C. as frequent and smaller in size.
D. the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity.
B. less frequent and of the same size.
175
```
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon.
A. rate of nerve firing
B. size of the nerve impulses
C. speed of nerve conduction
D. all of these
```
A. rate of nerve firing
176
```
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
A. size of the action potentials.
B. size of the synapse.
C. firing rate of the neurotransmitters.
D. firing rate of the action potentials.
```
D. firing rate of the action potentials.
177
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
A. The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron.
B. A chemical process takes place at the synapse.
C. An electrical process takes place in the receptors.
D. Action potentials travel across the synapse.
B. A chemical process takes place at the synapse.
178
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
A. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
B. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
C. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.
D. All of these
D. All of these
179
```
Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
A. cortical association.
B. dissociation.
C. localization of function.
D. the information processing approach.
```
C. localization of function.
180
The temporal lobe is
A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.
B. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
C. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning.
D. where signals are received from the auditory system.
D. where signals are received from the auditory system.
181
The occipital lobe is
A. the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located
B. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
C. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning.
D. where signals are received from the sensory system for touch.
A. the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located
182
```
The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher functions such as language, thought, and memory.
A. subcortical
B. frontal
C. occipital
D. parietal
```
B. frontal
183
```
Which part of the brain is important for touch?
A. Occipital lobe
B. Hippocampus
C. Temporal lobe
D. Parietal lobe
```
D. Parietal lobe
184
```
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.
A. parietal
B. occipital
C. frontal
D. temporal
```
A. parietal
185
```
Positron emission tomography (PET) utilizes which of the following tools?
A. Disc electrode
B. Microelectrode
C. Radioactive tracer
D. Hemoglobin
```
C. Radioactive tracer
186
```
There are many methods for studying the physiology of the brain. ________ is the technique involving subtraction whereby brain activity is compared between baseline and stimulation measurements.
A. Convergence
B. Single unit recording
C. Positron emission tomography
D. Mental chronometry
```
C. Positron emission tomography
187
Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT
A. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks.
B. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus.
C. the structure of individual neurons.
D. patterns of blood flow in the brain.
C. the structure of individual neurons.
188
Brain imaging has made it possible to
A. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
B. view individual neurons in the brain.
C. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy.
D. view propagation of action potentials.
A. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
189
Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity
A. gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting.
B. lose some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting.
C. gain some of the oxygen they are transporting.
D. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.
D. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.
190
Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?
A. The use of the subtraction technique
B. The measurement of magnetic fields
C. The use of radioactive tracers
D. All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI
A. The use of the subtraction technique
191
```
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
A. Broca's aphasia.
B. Wernicke's aphasia.
C. prosopagnosia.
D. Alzheimer's disease.
```
C. prosopagnosia.
192
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
A. Fusiform face area (FFA)
B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
D. Functional magnetic area (FMA)
B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
193
```
Ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
A. Fusiform face area (FFA)
B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
D. Functional magnetic area (FMA)
```
C. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
194
```
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his
A. Broca's area.
B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
D. Wernicke's area.
```
A. Broca's area.
195
```
Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
A. Temporal
B. Occipital
C. Parietal
D. Frontal
```
A. Temporal
196
```
Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for
A. distributed processing.
B. localization of function.
C. prosopagnosia.
D. neural net theory.
```
B. localization of function.
197
Recent research on language has modified our earlier understanding of Broca's aphasia such that it is now understood as a problem in
A. language production but not understanding.
B. language production but not meaning.
C. language form but not meaning.
D. language meaning but not form.
C. language form but not meaning.
198
Compared to brain-imaging techniques, ERP occurs on a
A. much slower time scale.
B. similar time scale.
C. much faster time scale.
D. more precise scale for understanding which brain structures are active.
C. much faster time scale.
199
In ERP methodology, the number that follows the N or the P (N400 or P300, for example) stands for
A. the positivity or negativity of the response.
B. how likely the response is, with higher numbers indicating a more likely response.
C. how strong the response is in millimeters on the reading.
D. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.
D. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.
200
```
Research using the ERP method shows that damage to the frontal lobes reduces the larger _____response that occurs when the form of a sentence is incorrect.
A. N100
B. N400
C. P300
D. P600
```
D. P600
201
```
The idea that specific functions are processed in many parts of the brain is known as
A. localization of function.
B. distributed processing.
C. modularity.
D. aphasia.
```
B. distributed processing.
202
You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed
A. in one localized area of the brain.
B. by the grandmother cells in the brain.
C. in different parts of the brain.
D. through fMRI potentials.
C. in different parts of the brain.
203
```
The layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye is called the
A. retina.
B. grandmother cell.
C. reference electrode.
D. feature detector.
```
A. retina.
204
```
Neurons that respond to specific features that make up objects are called
A. retinal cells.
B. feature detectors.
C. dendrites.
D. receptors.
```
B. feature detectors.
205
```
The pattern of feature detectors firing in response to a stimulus creates the _____ for representing what the stimulus is (e.g., a tree, a person, a ball, and so forth).
A. neural code
B. module
C. event-related potential
D. receptor
```
A. neural code
206
```
The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as
A. the action potential.
B. a propagated signal.
C. convergence.
D. the neural code.
```
D. the neural code.
207
```
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
A. brick wall.
B. chain link fence.
C. solid wall.
D. picket fence.
```
D. picket fence.
208
```
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
A. distributed coding.
B. specificity coding.
C. subtraction techniques.
D. primary receiving areas.
```
B. specificity coding.
209
```
A grandmother cell responds
A. only to a specific stimulus.
B. to strong positive emotion.
C. to both positive and negative emotion.
D. to a variety of stimuli.
```
A. only to a specific stimulus.
210
```
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.
A. specificity
B. distributed
C. sparse
D. divergence
```
C. sparse
211
```
The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of
A. microelectrodes.
B. stimuli.
C. modalities.
D. neurons.
```
D. neurons.
212
A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of
A. a feature detector that fires specifically to that face.
B. a group of neurons that all respond only to that face.
C. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.
D. a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present
C. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.
213
```
Most cognitive psychologists _____ the notion of a grandmother cell.
A. accept
B. are uncertain about
C. reject
D. are actively investigating
```
C. reject
214
Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research that revealed
A. the existence of feature detectors.
B. the distinction between form and meaning in language.
C. a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing.
D. strong support for specificity coding.
C. a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing.
215
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ________ and ________ experiments.
behavioral; physiological
216
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________.
neural networks
217
Which of the following procedures can be used to help determine the exact way in which nerve fibers communicate with each other?
DTI
218
Which of the following procedures can be used to help determine the exact way in which nerve fibers communicate with each other?
DTI
219
The _____ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive function such as thinking and problem solving
a) frontal
b) subcortical
c) occipital
d) parietal
A) frontal
220
What is the gap between the end of a neurons axon an the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
synapse
221
Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for
a localisation of function
222
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ____ in the receptor's axon
rate of nerve firing
223
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, ad length, are called
feature detectors
224
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed representation
225
Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?
default mode network
226
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
a chemical process takes place in the synapse
227
What is the key difference between dendrites and axons?
one sends information and the other receives information
228
Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?
Axons
229
Barbra has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist whats to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbra's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of ______
levels of analysis
230
Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of ____
localisation of function
231
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________.
neural networks
232
Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?
brain
233
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
a) composed of discrete individual units.
b) composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites.
c) composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.
d) continuous.
continuous
234
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
A) myelin sheaths
B) potentiated somas
C) neural circuits
D) spreading activation
C) neural circuits
235
In most people the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language. Based on this finding, we can expect that _______.
a) people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the right visual field
b) people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the left visual field
c) people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the center of the visual field
d) people tend to remember only a few words when the words are projected visually
a) people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the right visual field
