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Cognitive Psychology > CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which statement about the mind focuses on its role in cognitive processes, that is, what the mind does?

a. I haven’t made up my mind about what movie to go to.
b. An individual must be of sound mind in order to lawfully sign a will or contract.
c. The UNCF, which provides scholarships to black students, uses the slogan “mind is a terrible thing to waste.”
d. Mathematician John Nash had a brilliant mind although he struggled with schizophrenia.

A

a. I haven’t made up my mind about what movie to go to.

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2
Q

Restaurant reviewers often describe their meals in terms of their sensory experiences - the glistening of the melted sugar on top of a crème brûlée, the crack as it is broken, the smooth, warm custard, and its eggy, vanilla richness. Reviewers who focus on this combination of sensory experiences might be described as _____.

a. behaviorists
b. functionalists
c. structuralists
d. analysts

A

c. structuralists

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3
Q

Ebbinghaus used _____ to study the mind.

a. analytic introspection
b. memory for nonsense syllables
c. animal models like pigeons
d. primitive neural recording methods

A

b. memory for nonsense syllables

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4
Q

Watson objected to the method of introspection in part because it _____.

a. was only suitable for research using animals
b. could only be used in a limited number of situations
c. produced highly variable results from person to person
d. focused on quantitative rather than qualitative outcomes

A

c. produced highly variable results from person to person

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5
Q

Little Albert, a nine-month-old-boy, learned to be afraid of a rat when a loud noise was made every time a rat (which Albert had originally liked) came close to the child. Little Albert learned to fear the rat through _____ conditioning.

a. operant
b. instrumental
c. social
d. classical

A

d. classical

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6
Q

By allowing rats to explore a maze without providing food reward and then rewarding them for going to a particular place in the maze (as opposed to turning in a particular direction), Tolman was able to demonstrate the existence of what he referred as _____.

a. schemas
b. cognitive maps
c. memory traces
d. heuristics

A

b. cognitive maps

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7
Q

Which approach to cognitive psychology analyzes the operation of the mind in terms of a sequence of stages?

a. analytic introspection
b. structuralism
c. information processing
d. behaviorism

A

c. information processing

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8
Q

Timo has developed a computer system that scans mammograms, looking for abnormalities that might be indicative of cancer in the same way that radiologists review the images. Timo’s work is best described as being in the field of _____.

a. information processing
b. concept formation
c. cognitive networks
d. artificial intelligence

A

d. artificial intelligence

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9
Q

In his paper “The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two,” George Miller argued that there were limits to the _____.

a. ability of humans to study the mind
b. programming possibilities of artificial intelligence
c. useful conceptualizations in cognitive psychology
d. information processing capacity of humans

A

d. information processing capacity of humans

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10
Q

Melinda studies vision, focusing on the brain’s pulvinar nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. Melinda most likely makes use of a(n) _____ model.

a. structural
b. process
c. integrative
d. systems

A

a. structural

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11
Q

Tulving proposed a model of memory in which long term memory had three components: episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory. Tulving proposed a(n) _____ model.

a. integrative
b. systems
c. process
d. structural

A

c. process

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12
Q

According to your text, the biggest challenge of research is _____.

a. gaining the approval of the institutional review board
b. conducting the statistical analyses
c. picking the right questions to ask
d. getting the research published in a journal

A

c. picking the right questions to ask

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13
Q

While George takes the bus home, he is thinking about how to resolve a difficult issue at work. This example particularly highlights the value of ___.

a. working to solve a problem
b. visualizing
c. remembering
d. making a decision

A

a. working to solve a problem

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14
Q

The statement “If you put your mind to it, I’m sure you can solve that math problem” highlights how the mind can be used ___.

a. in memory
b. making decisions or considering possibilities
c. as a problem-solver
d. to show normal functioning

A

b. making decisions or considering possibilities

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15
Q

Joe and Meg are doing a study in psychology. Joe is asked to push a button as soon as he sees a red light whereas Meg is asked to push a red button if she sees a red light and a green button if she sees a green light. From the information, ___ appear to be involved in a task measuring choice reaction time.

a. only Joe
b. only Meg
c. neither Joe nor Meg
d. both Joe and Meg

A

b. only Meg

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16
Q

Which one of these early pioneers in cognitive psychology was the first to undertake quantitative measurements of mental processes?

a. Donders
b. Ebbinghaus
c. James
d. Wundt

A

b. Ebbinghaus

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17
Q

___ founded behaviorism which ___ the study of inner mental processes.

a. John Watson ; rejected
b. John Watson ; accepted
c. William James ; rejected
d. William James ; accepted

A

a. John Watson ; rejected

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18
Q

An animal might learn the general conception of a maze through the use of ___.

a. the savings curve
b. analytic introspection
c. a cognitive map
d. artificial intelligence

A

c. a cognitive map

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19
Q

Noam Chomsky argued that language development was primarily determined by ___.

a. reinforcement
b. imitation
c. inborn biological processes
d. cultural differences

A

c. inborn biological processes

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20
Q

The cognitive revolution, which marked a rebirth of the study of the mind, began in the ___.

a. 1920s
b. 1950s
c. 1960s
d. 1990s

A

b. 1950s

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21
Q

The predominant theme of the information-processing approach holds that the operation of the mind occurs ___.

a. only through observed behaviors
b. via unconscious proceses
c. merely through reinforcement
d. in a number of stages

A

d. in a number of stages

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22
Q

In a flow diagram of the mind, messages first enter a(n) ___.

a. unit
b. filter
c. detector
d. cognitive map

A

b. filter

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23
Q

In a classic paper from the 1950s, George Miller argued that the information-processing of the mind is ___.

a. unlimited
b. limited to about seven items
c. limited to about 100 items
d. limited to about one million items

A

b. limited to about seven items

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24
Q

The structural model refers to representations of ___.

a. mental configurations
b. physical structures
c. real or imagined structures
d. the brain

A

b. physical structures

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25
Q

Of the following brain structures, the one that is LEAST associated with the pain matrix is the ___.

a. medulla
b. hippocampus
c. amygdala
d. thalamus

A

a. medulla

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26
Q

The process model refers to representations of ___.

a. processes involved in cognitive mechanisms
b. physical structures
c. real or imagined structures
d. the brain

A

a. processes involved in cognitive mechanisms

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27
Q

If you are thinking about experiences about a previous vacation, then you are most likely making use of ___ memories.

a. sensory
b. procedural
c. semantic
d. episodic

A

d. episodic

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28
Q

what is cognitive psychology?

A

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind. It attempts to explain how humans perform cognitive actives.

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29
Q

Examples of cognitive activities?

A

remembering something

seeing objects in your surroundings

understanding what is happening in a situation

solving problems

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30
Q

Why is cognitive psychology analogous to physics?

A

in the sense that it is foundational to the other social sciences

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31
Q

The basic mechanisms in human thought are important in understanding what?

A

the types of behaviour studied by other social sciences

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32
Q

the mind treats and controls mental functions such as?

PAMELDTR

A 
perception
attention
memory
emotions
language
deciding
thinking
reasoning
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33
Q

The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can?

A

act within it to achieve our goals

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34
Q

2 precursors to cognitive psychology?

A

Aristotle and plato

epistemology, theory of ideas and their relation to human action

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35
Q

When did experimental psychology begin?

A

19th century germany

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36
Q

What did Franciscus Donders contribute?

A

response time analysis & method of subtraction

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37
Q

What did Hermann von Helmholtz contribute?

A

perception, and unconscious inference

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38
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt contribute?

A

analytic introspection and analysis of conscious experience, RT experiments

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39
Q

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus contribute?

A

experimental study of memory

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40
Q

What did James (1890) contribute?

A

first psychology textbook: principles of pscyhology

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41
Q

Where did psychology continue to be studied during the behaviourist period?

A

Europe

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42
Q

When did the behaviourist period take place?

A

1920 - 1960

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43
Q

Why did behaviourism lose its grip on American psychology during 1960s?

A
  • Learning without reinforcement: rats that explore a maze with no reinforcement show learning of the maze when they are later rewarded for running the maze
  • Problematic Results: behaviourism couldn’t explain what scientists wanted to understand (e.g., perception, language, attention, reasoning)
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44
Q

When was the revival of cognitive psychology?

A

1950 - 1970

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45
Q

What is mental chronometry?

A

measuring how long a cognitive process takes

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46
Q

What is Reaction-time (RT)?

A

Experiment (a.k.a a response time experiment) which measures the interval between stimulus presentation and the response to the stimulus. It measures how long it takes a person to make a decision

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47
Q

What is Simple RT task?

A

participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears

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48
Q

What is choice RT task?

A

participant pushes one button if light is on the right side and a different button if the light in on the left side

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49
Q

What is Donder’s goal?

A

To measure how long it takes a person to decide which button to press in the choice RT task

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50
Q

What is the modern version of Donder’s experiment?

A

on the computer using a keyboard the participant pushes a button quickly if the light appears, or if it appears on the right or left.

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51
Q

Why does the choice RT task take longer than the Simple RT task?

A

Mental response takes longer for the behavioural response.

in the simple RT task, the subject does not have to decide how to respond

in the choice RT task, the subject has to decide which response is appropriate

decision time is longer in the choice RT task

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52
Q

What is the method of subtraction in the RT tests used for?

A

used to infer how long a mental process takes when the process is not directly observable.

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53
Q

What is the method of subtraction an example of?

A

a behavioural research method

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54
Q

mental responses cannot be measured directly from RT tests but can?

A

be inferred from the participants behaviour

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55
Q

What is one of the first cognitive psychology experiments?

A

Donder’s method of subtraction

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56
Q

What does Donders method of subtraction illustrate?

A

mental processes cannot be measured directly, but must be inferred from behaviour

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57
Q

Method of subtraction is a valid measure of mental duration if?

A

all of the assumptions are valid

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58
Q

What are activations?

A

regions of significant change from a control condition to a test condition

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59
Q

Example of when activation is used to see regions of significant change from a control condition to a test condition?

A

Test condition: subject views picture

Control condition: subject fixates a blank screen

Brain images show regions of a significant activation when comparing test condition to control condition

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60
Q

When are subtraction methods used in modern?

A

fMRI studies

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61
Q

Activation can be measured using?

A

fMRI scans

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62
Q

What did H.L.F von Helmhotlz’s concluded about unconscious inference?

A

some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment

we infer much of what we know about the world

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63
Q

Why is the idea of unconscious inference important?

A

unconscious inferences contribute in many ways to the formation of our perception and beliefs

cognitive psychology attempts to reveal the processes by which such inferences are made

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64
Q

What was Wundt’s main reproach?

A

how sensations combine to form percepts

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65
Q

what was Wundt’s approach?

A

Structuralism

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66
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

our overall experience is determined by combing elements of experience called sensations “periodic table of the mind”

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67
Q

What was Wundt’s method?

A

Analytic introspection

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68
Q

What is Analytic introspection?

A

participants are trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

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69
Q

In the video, Dr Barslaou discusses how we think about ideas such as “chairs”, emphasising that people tend to think about particular types of chairs in particular situations and with particular accompanying mental states. Which research method involves the use of trained subjects who describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli?

A) analytic introspection
B) Puzzle boxes
C) Ebbinghaus’s “savings” method
D) Donder’s reaction time paradigm

A

A) analytic introspection

in analytic introspection, trained subjects describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

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70
Q

Dr Barsalou explain that ____ enables us to produce a wide variety of representations of a particular idea in many different situations.

A) deviations
B) correlations
C) Concepts
D) determinants

A

C) Concepts

Dr. Barsalou notes that concepts are not fixed, but instead, produce a wide variety of representations of a particular idea in many different situations

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71
Q

Dr. Barsalou uses ___ to demonstrate that looking at pictures of highly rewarding food results in brain activity in the areas involved with the experience of actual taste.

A) computer addicted tomography
B) electroencephalography
C) MIBG scanning
D) function magnetic resonance imaging

A

D) function magnetic resonance imaging

Dr. Barsalou uses functional magnetic resonance imaging in his research, a non-invasive brain scan that allows him to identify areas of brain activation

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72
Q

what is Ebbinghaus’s savings curve (forgetting curve)?

A

read a list of nonsense syllables aloud many times to determine number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors

73
Q

What is the equation for Ebbinghaus’s savings curve?

A

savings = (original time to learn the list) - (time to relearn the list after a delay)

74
Q

What does longer delays in Ebbinghaus’s savings curve indicate?

A

smaller savings

75
Q

What does Ebbinghaus’s savings curve show?

A

it shows savings as a function of retention interval

76
Q

What does the decrease In savings (remembering) indicate in Ebbinghaus’s savings curve?

A

the decrease in savings (remembering) with increasing delays indicates that forgetting occurs rapidly over the first two days and then occurs more slowly after that

77
Q

Memory could be quantified and able to describe property of mind: TRUE or FALSE?

A

true

78
Q

What were William James’s observations based on?

A

observations based on the functions of his own mind, not experiments

79
Q

What was one main observation William James made?

A

he observed that paying attention to one thing involves withdrawing from other things

80
Q

What procedures did Donders conduct?

A

simple reaction time vs choice reaction time

81
Q

What procedures did Wundt conduct?

A

analytic introspection

82
Q

What procedures did Ebbinghaus conduct?

A

savings method to measure forgetting

83
Q

What procedures did James conduct?

A

no experiments; reported observations of his own experience

84
Q

Who founded behaviourism?

A

John Watson

85
Q

Did Watson focus on observable behaviour or consciousness?

A

observable behaviour

86
Q

Behaviourism is purely a objective, experimental branch of natural science: TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

87
Q

What is the little albert experiment?

A

Pair a loud noise

classical conditioning: how paring one stimulus (e.g., loud noise presented) with another, previously neutral stimulus (e.g., rat) causes changes in the response to the neutral stimulus

classical conditioning can be used to create a phobia.

88
Q

How is the little Albert experiment similar to pavlov’s experiment?

A

pairing beer with food, measure dogs salivation

89
Q

Did B.F. Skinner contribute operant or classical conditioning?

A

operant conditioning

90
Q

What does B.F. Skinners operant conditioning demonstrate?

A

how behaviour is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food/social approval) or withdrawal of negative reinforces (e.g., shock/social refection)

91
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

a type of learning that happens unconsciously

an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus. this creates a behaviour

92
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

a learning process whereby deliberate behaviours are reinforced through positive and negative consequences

93
Q

What did jean Piaget contribute?

A

genetic epistemology

94
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky contribute?

A

cognitive development and eduction

95
Q

What did Sir Frederick Bartlett contribute?

A

constructive memory processes

96
Q

Why did Behaviourists lose its grip on American psychology during the 1960s?

A

problematic results

deficiencies of behaviourism

97
Q

What were the problematic results that resulted in behaviourists losing their grip on American psychology during the 1960s?

A

learning without responding: rats are temporarily paralysed with atropine can learn the layout of a maze from being wheeled around the maze

learning without reinforcement: rats that explore a maze with no reinforcement show learning of the maze when they are later rewarded for running the maze

98
Q

What were the deficiencies of behaviourism that resulted in behaviourists losing their grip on American psychology during the 1960s?

A

behaviourist theories could not provide insightful explanations or a productive research strategy for studying obvious important behaviour such as:

  • human language production and comprehension and language learning
  • human problem solving; human decision making
  • human attention and perception
99
Q

What did Edward Chance Tolman used behaviour to do? and how?

A

to infer mental processes by training rats to find food in a four-armed maze

100
Q

What did Tolman believe about rats?

A

he believed that rats had created a cognitive map of the maze and were navigating to a specific arm where they previously found food

101
Q

did Tolmans belief about rates support behaviourism interpretation?

A

no it did not support behaviourism interpretation

102
Q

what did Skinner vs. Chomsky argue about children?

A

Skinner: argued children learn language through operant conditioning

  • children imitate speech they hear
  • correct speech is rewarded

Chomsky: argued children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement

  • children say things they have never heard and can not be imitating
  • children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for
103
Q

what are examples of alternative approaches the came along that were more promising because behaviourism couldn’t explain what scientists wanted to understand?

A

structural models

computer models

change of focus to experimentation on human information processing

104
Q

According to behaviourists, is it unrealistic to postulate unobserved psychological processes in a psychological theory?

A

YES

105
Q

According to cognitivists, is it unrealistic to postulate unobserved psychological processes in a psychological theory?

A

NO

106
Q

when did the cognitive revolution take place?

A

1950s

107
Q

What is the cognitive revolution?

A

shift in psychology from behaviourists stimulus-response relationships to an approach that attempts to explain behaviour in terms of the mind.

108
Q

how do flow diagrams for computers work?

A

information is received by input processor -> store in a memory unit -> processed by an arithmetic unit -> output

109
Q

what is the information-processing approach?

A

traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

a way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer

110
Q

who conducted the dichotic listening experiment?

A

Colin Cherry

111
Q

how did Colin Cherry conduct the dichotic listening experiment?

A
  • present subject with 2 audio messages (1 left ear, 1 right ear)
  • Focus on the message (attended message) and ignore the other (unattended message)
  • Result: hear sounds of unattended message but unaware of the content
112
Q

What did Donald Broadbent contribute to flow diagrams?

A

flow diagram represents what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus

113
Q

how did Donald Broadbent conduct his flow diagram the represents what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus?

A

Input (sound of both attended and & unattended messages) -> filter lets through attended message and filters out unattended message -> detector records information through filter

114
Q

What did Donald Broadbent’s flow diagram provide?

A

a way to analyse the operation of mind in terms of sequences of processing stages

115
Q

What did Donald Broadbent’s flow diagram conclude about the filter?

A

unattended information does not pass through the filter

116
Q

what are John McCarthys conferences on AI and Information theory?

A

program computers to mimic operation of human mind – organised conference

117
Q

What is AI?

A

making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving

118
Q

What did Herb Simon & Alan Newel create a computer program to do?

A

to create proofs for problems in logic.

Created the logic theorists program

119
Q

What is the logical theorists program?

A

able to create proofs of mathematical theorems that involve principles of logic, use humanlike reasoning process.

120
Q

What is George Miller’s “Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two”?

A

there are limits to the human’s ability to process information – information processing of human mind is limited to about 7 items

121
Q

What are the two aspects of research to apply to cognitive psychology in general?

A
  1. the role of models in cognitive psychology

2. benefits for science and society

122
Q

What are the two kinds of models to be aware of that poly to cognitive psychology in general?

A
  1. structural models - structures in brain that are involved in specific functions
  2. process models - illustrate how a process operates
123
Q

What are structural models?

A

depict representations of a physical structure and can mimic the form or appearance of a given object

124
Q

What is the purpose of structural models?

A

simplify - easier to study and understand the system

ex. A 3D model of the brain can be used to illustrate the locations of different brain structures. The different colour refer to different parts of the cerebral cortex. The wrinkled outer layer of the brain

125
Q

What is the structural model “model of visual system”?

A

each box represent a complex structure. Lines represent connections between structures

it helps us to visualise the layout of a system and how different components are connected and interact

126
Q

what do process models represent?

A

represent processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms, with boxes usually representing specific processes and arrows indicating connections between processes

127
Q

What can our increased understanding of the functioning of our mind can be used to?

A

A) design proper control panels and traffic situations
B) influence decision making and consumer behaviour
C) improve protocols relating to eyewitness interrogation
D) develop working memory and executive-control training programmes
E) stimulate good practice in education

128
Q

Using behaviour to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

A) behaviourism
B) humanism
C) cognitive psychology
D) operant conditioning

A

C) cognitive psychology

129
Q

The example at the begging of the book, in which Raphael talks to his friend on a cell phone on his way to class, was used to illustrate how

A) cognitive psychologists study problem solving in adults

B) several different cognitive processes can take place at one time

C) human cognition is affected by emotional events

D) both physiology and behaviour is important to the study of cognition

A

B) several different cognitive processes can take place at one time

130
Q

Donders’ main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

A) sensation
B) childhood attachment styles
C) decision making
D) personality development

A

C) decision making

131
Q

In Donders’ experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light they were engaged in a

A) reaction time task
B) simple reaction time task
C) choice reaction time task
D) presentation task

A

B) simple reaction time task

132
Q

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus’s “memory” experiment discussed in your text?

A) common words
B) light illuminated on the left or right of a computer screen
C) grey rectangles in front of light rectangles
D) three-letter nonsense words

A

D) three-letter nonsense words

133
Q

Ebbinghaus’s “memory” experiments were important because they

a. described complex decision-making.

b. plotted functions that
described the operation of the mind.

c. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations.
d. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.

A

b. plotted functions that

described the operation of the mind.

134
Q

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

a. Analytic introspection
b. Measuring reaction times
c. Operant conditioning
d. Classical conditioning

A

a. Analytic introspection

135
Q

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?

a. It infers mental processes based on objective data.
b. It produces results that are too easy to verify.
c. It produces variable results from person to person.
d. It requires no training.

A

c. It produces variable results from person to person.

136
Q

Your text describes the occurrence of a “cognitive revolution” during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called “revolution” occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of

a. cognitive psychology textbooks.
b. analytic introspection.
c. Skinner boxes.
d. computers.

A

d. computers.

137
Q

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?

a. Raynor
b. Sanders
c. James
d. Tolman

A

d. Tolman

138
Q

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

A. models.
B. cognition.
C. reaction times.
D. savings.

A

B. cognition.

139
Q

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

A. perceive the stimulus.
B. process the stimulus.
C. attend to the stimulus.
D. make a decision about the stimulus

A

D. make a decision about the stimulus

140
Q

The main point of the Donders’ reaction time experiments was to

A. show that reaction times can be measured accurately.

B. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

C. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli.

D. show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.

A

B. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

141
Q

In Donders’ experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

A. reaction time task.
B. simple reaction time task.
C. choice reaction time task.
D. presentation task.

A

C. choice reaction time task.

142
Q

Reaction time refers to the time between the ________ of a stimulus and a person’s response to it.

A. perception
B. mental awareness
C. disappearance
D. presentation

A

D. presentation

143
Q 
Donders' reaction time experiment was performed using stimuli in which of the following sensory modalities? 
A. Touch
B. Hearing
C. Smell
D. Vision
A

D. Vision

144
Q

A common feature of both a reaction time experiment and an operant conditioning experiment is

A. the presentation of positive reinforcers.
B. the measurement of behavior.
C. the inference of mental processes.
D. all of these are common features

A

B. the measurement of behavior.

145
Q

Donders’ measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the “time course” on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took ______ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.

A. 1/100 second
B. 1/10 second
C. a second
D. two seconds

A

B. 1/10 second

146
Q

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

A. measured directly.
B. inferred from the participant’s behavior.
C. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response.
D. measured by comparing responses among different participants

A

B. inferred from the participant’s behavior.

147
Q

The relationship between the _____ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists.

A. physiological response and the behavioral outcome
B. cognitive task and the behavioral outcome
C. cognitive task and the physiological response
D. cognitive task and the mental response

A

D. cognitive task and the mental response

148
Q 
According to Ebbinghaus' savings curve, savings is a function of 
A. word familiarity.
B. sensory modality.
C. retention interval.
D. reaction time.
A

C. retention interval.

149
Q 
The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was 
A. Franciscus Donders.
B. Hermann von Helmholtz.
C. Wilhelm Wundt.
D. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
A

C. Wilhelm Wundt.

150
Q

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as

A. information processing.
B. analytic introspection.
C. functional analysis.
D. behavioral analysis.

A

B. analytic introspection.

151
Q

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

A. observable behavior.
B. mental processes.
C. consciousness.
D. attention.

A

A. observable behavior.

152
Q 
Which of the following was considered positive by the behaviorists? 
A. Observable behavior
B. Consciousness
C. Introspection
D. The mind
A

A. Observable behavior

153
Q 
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? 
A. Reaction time
B. Unconscious inference
C. Classical conditioning
D. Operant conditioning
A

C. Classical conditioning

154
Q

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.

A. positive reinforcers
B. negative reinforcers
C. practice trials
D. excitatory neurotransmitters

A

A. positive reinforcers

155
Q 
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? 
A. Franciscus Donders
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. John Watson
D. B.F. Skinner
A

D. B.F. Skinner

156
Q

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

A. classical conditioning.
B. the method of savings.
C. choice reaction time.
D. operant conditioning.

A

D. operant conditioning.

157
Q

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

A. cognitive map.
B. mental model.
C. artificial intelligence.
D. memory consolidation.

A

A. cognitive map.

158
Q 
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by 
A. inborn programming.
B. cultural influences.
C. classical conditioning.
D. operant conditioning.
A

A. inborn programming.

159
Q 
Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? 
A. Noam Chomsky
B. John Watson
C. Keller Breland
D. B.F. Skinner
A

D. B.F. Skinner

160
Q

Which of the following events is most closely associated with the decline of behaviorism as an approach to psychology?

A. Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment
B. Skinner’s publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
C. Development of the technique of analytic introspection
D. The proposal of cognitive maps

A

B. Skinner’s publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

161
Q

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

A. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages.

B. IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship.

C. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition.

D. IP has an interest in investigating unobservable mental events.

A

B. IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship.

162
Q

The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n) _________ experiment.

A. information processing
B. analytic introspection
C. operant conditioning
D. behaviorist

A

A. information processing

163
Q

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

A. A diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

B. A computer program for solving logic problems

C. An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information

D. The first textbook of cognitive psychology

A

A. A diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

164
Q

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?

A. Donald Broadbent
B. Colin Cherry
C. Newell and Simon
D. Wilhelm Wundt

A

A. Donald Broadbent

165
Q

Colin Cherry’s experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that

A. people can focus on one message and ignore the other one.
B. people can focus on the message they were repeating.
C. people take in very little information about the ignored message.
D. all of these

A

D. all of these

166
Q

Broadbent’s notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop _____that can be tested by further experiments.

A. models
B. approaches
C. memories
D. cognitive maps

A

A. models

167
Q

The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as

A. cognitive psychology.
B. behaviorism.
C. artificial intelligence.
D. flow diagramming.

A

C. artificial intelligence.

168
Q 
The use of the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by 
A. B.F. Skinner.
B. Colin Cherry.
C. Edward Tolman.
D. John McCarthy
A

D. John McCarthy.

169
Q

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program

A. simulated human attention.
B. solved logic problems.
C. controlled presentation of visual stimuli during cognitive psychology experiments.
D. introduced the first flow diagram.

A

B. solved logic problems.

170
Q

At the MIT Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

A. the human ability to process information is unlimited.
B. there are limits to the human ability to process information.
C. intelligent machines can be successfully created.
D. memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep.

A

B. there are limits to the human ability to process information

171
Q 
What year is usually cited as the "birthday" of cognitive science (pick the closest year)? 
A. 1879
B. 1945
C. 1956
D. 1967
A

C. 1956

172
Q

The “cognitive revolution”

A. occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers.

B. extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt’s introspection experiments.

C. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.

D. was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.

A

C. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.

173
Q

According to your text, the behavioral approach to the study of the mind involves
A. measuring the relation between stimulation and brain processes.

B. controlling behavior by presenting positive reinforcements.

C. measuring the relation between stimuli and behavior.

D. controlling behavior by presenting negative reinforcements.

A

C. measuring the relation between stimuli and behavior.

174
Q

The process during which information is strengthened and transformed into a strong memory that is resistant to interference is known as

A. savings.
B. memory consolidation.
C. introspection.
D. cognition.

A

B. memory consolidation.

175
Q

Gais et al.’s research on the impact of sleep on memory consolidation illustrates which type of approach to the study of the operations of the mind?

A. Behavioral
B. Structural
C. Physiological
D. Mathematical

A

C. Physiological

176
Q

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?

a. Psychodynamic models and behavioral models
b. Structural models and process models
c. Biological models and psychological models
d. Interpersonal models and intrapersonal models

A

b. Structural models and process models

177
Q

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology?

A pair of railroad tracks where two things move in a parallel fashion

b. An octopus where every leg comes from a singular body
c. A trail from which one thing leads to another
d. A pyramid, where all questions lead to a singular answer, or “tip”

A

c. A trail from which one thing leads to another

178
Q

An early model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by “sensory” memory, is then moved to “short term” memory, and finally is pushed into “long-term” memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, is an example of a(n) ________ model.

A. process
B. structural
C. nomothetic
D. idiographic

A

A. process

179
Q

The first​ formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

A. Leipzig, Germany
B. Paris, France
C. Baltimore, Maryland, USA
D. Madrid, Spain

A

A. Leipzig, Germany

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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