CHAPTER 3: Perception Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of perception:
A
conscious experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses.
2
Q
Why is meant by the stimulus on the receptors ambiguous?
A
inverse projection problem: light from an object is inverted as it falls on the retina. The same pattern of light could be caused by an infinite number of different objects, yet our brains usually manage to make the correct interpretation
3
Q
Why is it do difficult for the computer to perceive objects as we do?
A
1) Stimulus on the receptors are ambiguous
2) objects can be hidden or blurred
3) objects look different from different viewpoints
4
Q
Definition of viewpoint invariance?
A
the ability to recognise an object seen from different viewpoints
5
Q
What is bottom-up processing?
A
Bottom-up processing begins with the retrieval of sensory information from our external environment to build perceptions based on the current input of sensory information.
Looking at something creates an image on the retina
this image generates electrical signals that are transmitter through the retina, and then to the visual receiving area of the brain. This is when environmental energy stimulates the receptors.
6
Q
What is top-down processing?
A
Top-down processing is the interpretation of incoming information based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
Processing that originates in the brain, at the “top” of the perceptual system
Knowledge we have of the environment, expectations we bring to the perceptual situations that enables us to rapidly identify objects and scenes
7
Q
______ refers to what comes from the environment and _____ refers to what the individual brings
A
bottom-up; top-down
8
Q
What is the study “the multiple personalities of a blob” - Olivia and Torralba (2007)?
A
A blob is identical in every scene, but is perceived as a different object depending on orientation and context within which they are seen.
This happens because of our knowledge of the kinds of objects that are likely to be found in different types of scenes
9
Q
What is speech segmentation?
A
the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ands and the next one begins.
10
Q
If a listener does not understand a language, the continuous sound signal enters the ears and triggers signals that are sent toward the speech areas of the brain.
Is this an example of bottom-up or top-down processing?
A
Bottom-up processing
11
Q
If a listener understands a language, their knowledge of the language creates the perception of individual words?
Is this and example of bottom-up or top-down processing?
A
Top-down processing
12
Q
When was the direct pathway model proposed?
A
1950s-1960s
13
Q
What does the direct pathway model propose?
A
pain occurs when receptors in skin (nociceptors) are stimulated and send signals in a direct pathway from skin to brain
14
Q
What are the four conceptions of object perception?
A
- Helmholtz’s unconscious inference
- The Gestalt laws of organisation
- Regularities in the environment
- Bayesian inference
15
Q
What is Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious inference?
A
One of Helmholtz’s contribution to perception was based on his realisation that the image on the retina is ambiguous. He also proposed the likelihood principle and that is most likely occurs by a process called unconscious inference.
16
Q
What is Likelihood principle?
A
We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimulus we have received
17
Q
What is unconscious inference?
A
A process in which out perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make about the environment
18
Q
What is the gestalt principles of organisation?
A
Goal of the gestalt approach was the same as Helmholtz’s –to explain how we perceive objects- but they approached the problem in a different way.
19
Q
The Gestalt Psychologists rejected Wundt’s idea of?
A
The Gestalt Psychologists rejected Wundt’s idea (structuralism) that perceptions were formed by ”adding up” sensations.
20
Q
Old vs New Structuralism:
A
• “Old”view–structuralism
– Perception involves adding up sensations
• “New” view–Gestalt psychologists
– The mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
21
Q
Principles of Perceptual Organization:
A
• Explain the way elements are grouped together to create larger objects
Example: some black and white shapes that become perceptually organized into a Dalmatian
22
Q
The principle of good continuation:
A
Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path.
• Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object.
23
Q
Law of Pragnanz is also known as?
A
principle of good figure or the principle of simplicity
24
Q
Law of Pragnanz:
A
every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
25
Principle of Similarity:
Similar things appear to be grouped together.
26
There are many other principles of organization but the main message is that the Gestalt Psychologists realized that perception is determined by....
specific organizing principles
27
Summary of Gestalt:
– Perception is determined by specific organizing principles, not just dark and light stimuli activating the retina.
– Role of experience is minor compared to these intrinsic, “built in” principles.
– Experience can influence perception but is not the key driver.
28
Regularities in the Environment:
frequently occurring characteristics.
29
What are the two types of Regularities in the Environment:
1) Physical regularities
| 2) Semantic regularities.
30
Physical Regularities:
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
• Example: there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations (in human-made and also natural environments).
31
Oblique effect:
We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations.
32
What is light-from-above- assumption.?
– Light comes from above
– Is usually the case in the environment
– We perceive shadows as specific information about depth and distance
33
Semantic Regularities:
The characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.
• For example: food preparation, cooking and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen.
34
Scene schema:
Knowledge of what a given scene typically contains.
35
Bayesian inference:
...is a mathematical procedure for determining what is likely to be “out there”; it takes into account a person’s prior beliefs about a perceptual outcome and the likelihood of that outcome based on additional evidence.
– In Bayesian inference prior knowledge plays an important role in identifying the likelihood of an event.
36
What did Thomas Bayes propose?
proposed that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by 2 factors
37
What are the two facts that Thomas Bayes proses that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by?
1. The Prior Probability: our initial belief about the probability of an outcome
2. The likelihood of the Outcome: the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome.
38
When looking at the four conceptions of Object Perception, which fall under bottom-up and top-down processing?
Top-down processing:
– (1) Unconscious inference
– (2) Environmental regularities
– (3) Bayesian inference
Bottom-up processing:
– (4) Gestalt principles
39
What did Radel & Clement-Guillotin (2012) investigate?
they investigated whether being hungry or not affects how quickly and how accurately food-related words are seen
40
What did Radel & Clement-Guillotin (2012) study's results suggest?
that motivation must have played a role in very early perception, namely by modulating which stimuli get access to conscious awareness. It means that somehow our brain can make a distinction (and act upon it) between a neutral and food related word before we become conscious of them.
41
Experience can shape the way neurons respond. TRUE or FALSE?
TRUE
42
Why is it that experience can shape the way neurons respond?
There are more neurons in the animal and human visual cortex that respond to horizontal and vertical orientations than to oblique (slanted) orientations
Some neurons respond best to things that occur regularly in the environment
43
Why are there more neurons that respond to horizontals and verticals?
- Theory of natural selection
| - Experience-dependent plasticity
44
What is the theory of natural selection?
Characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations
45
What is the process called experience-dependent plasticity?
mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience
Learning can shape the response properties of neurons
46
Rearing cats in horizontal or vertical environments can cause neurons in the cat’s cortex to fire preferentially to horizontal or vertical stimuli is an example of what?
experience-dependent plasticity
47
Greeble stimuli used by Gauthier. Participants were trained to name each different Greeble. What did the results conclude?
Support the idea that neurons in the FFA respond strongly to faces not just because this was organized this way long before birth, but also because we have a lifetime of experience perceiving faces.
* It shows that the brain’s functioning can be “tuned” to operate best within a specific environment.
* Continued exposure to things that occur regularly in the environment can cause neurons to become adapted to respond best to these regularities.
48
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory
information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
A : Solving problems
B : Experiencing neuromodulation
C : Communicating with other people
D : Answering questions
B : Experiencing neuromodulation
49
```
Perception is NOT essential for
A : creating memories.
B : acquiring knowledge.
C : solving problems.
D : improving empathy
```
D : improving empathy
50
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on ones retina is called the
A : radiated wavelength paradox.
B : inverse projection problem.
C : serial location task.
D : fusiform face role
B : inverse projection problem.
51
Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?
A : Semantic regularity
B : Viewpoint invariance
C : Bottom-up processing
D : Principle of similarity
B : Viewpoint invariance
52
```
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from
different perspectives.
A : consistency
B : resistance
C : constancy
D : invariance
```
D : invariance
53
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into
electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.
A : bottom-up
B : top-down
C : Gestalt
D : serial
A : bottom-up
54
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone,
this would be an example of _____ processing.
A : top-down
B : bottom-up
C : serial
D : sequential
A : top-down
55
Maria took a drink from a container marked milk. Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
A : reception of the stimulus.
B : bottom-up processing.
C : top-down processing.
D : focused attention.
C : top-down processing.
56
Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to read the addresses on letters
and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match
the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more
successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
A : bottom-up processing.
B : top-down processing.
C : their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
D : repeated practice at the task.
B : top-down processing.
57
Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
A : Recognizing a crying friends sounds as words in a sentence
B : Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm
C : Walking all around a car and always knowing its a car
D : Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
A : Recognizing a crying friends sounds as words in a sentence
58
Speech segmentation is defined as
A : creating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
B : ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.
C : organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
D : recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language
C : organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
59
When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick didnt make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic. This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.
A : speech segmentation
B : the likelihood principle
C : bottom-up processing
D : algorithms
A : speech segmentation
60
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
A : When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters
B : When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence
C : When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that
context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)
D : When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
D : When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static
interfering with reception
61
Which of the following is true about perception?
```
A : It occurs separately from action.
B : It is mostly automatic.
C : It involves rapid processes.
D : It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and
solving problems.
```
C : It involves rapid processes.
62
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
A : oblique effect.
B : likelihood principle.
C : principle of componential recovery.
D : principle of speech segmen
B : likelihood principle.
63
The likelihood principle states that
A : we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have
received.
B : we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances.
C : it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
D : feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
A : we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have
received.
64
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual
A : conjunction.
B : organization.
C : discriminability.
D : fusion
B : organization.
65
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because
of the law of
A : good continuation.
B : simplicity.
C : familiarity.
D : good figure.
A : good continuation.
66
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands
that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the
green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law
of
A : simplicity.
B : similarity.
C : pragnanz.
D : familiarity.
B : similarity.
67
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is
as simple as possible is called the law of
A : common fate.
B : similarity.
C : pragnanz/good figure
D : continuity
C : pragnanz/good figure
68
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a
cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
A : mirror neurons.
B : natural selection.
C : scene schema.
D : pragnanz.
C : scene schema.
69
In the texts use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct
perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
A : Simplicity
B : Contiguity
C : Figure-ground
D : Common fate
A : Simplicity
70
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
A : The oblique effect
B : The light-from-above assumption
C : Angled orientation
D : Having one object that is partially covered by another come out the other side
C : Angled orientation
71
```
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations
according to the
A : principle of size constancy.
B : oblique effect.
C : law of pragnanz.
D : law of good continuation
```
B : oblique effect.
72
When does bottom-up processing start?
A : When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
B : When an electrical signal is passed to the brain
C : When motor neurons at the extremities are activated
D : When the brain encodes information received by the receptors
A : When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
73
The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less
knowledge of _____ in those scenes.
A : physical regularities
B : semantic regularities
C : pragnanz
D : double dissociation
B : semantic regularities
74
The results of Gauthiers Greeble experiment illustrate
A : that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
B : that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence
how the monkeys neurons fire to these objects.
C : an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
D : that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
C : an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
75
```
Ahmad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been
shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in
a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?
```
A : Landmark discrimination problem
B : Dissociation task
C : Greeble recognition task
D : Object discrimination problem
D : Object discrimination problem
76
```
The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your
_____ lobe.
A : frontal
B : temporal
C : parietal
D : occipital
```
C : parietal
77
The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the
A : meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.
B : regularly occurring physical properties of an environment.
C : inferences made based on the likelihood of a particular stimulus.
D : statistical probabilities of one particular sound following another in language
A : meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.
78
What is the process of unconscious inference?
A : When our subconscious mind interferes with our conscience
B : When our unconscious perceptions align with our conscious perceptions
C : When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
D : When our subconscious interferes with what we perceive from our retinas
C : When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
79
```
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway
corresponds to the _____ pathway.
A : where; what
B : what; where
C : size; distance
D : distance; size
```
B : what; where
80
```
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?
A : feeling
B : hearing
C : seeing
D : thinking
```
D : thinking
81
```
Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?
A : interactive
B : conscious
C : supportive
D : complex
```
B : conscious
82
```
Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?
A : We infer it.
B : We confirm it.
C : We interpret it.
D : We reverse it.
```
C : We interpret it.
83
```
What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?
A : the direction of scanning
B : the pattern of organization
C : the source of information
D : the pathway of action
```
C : the source of information
84
```
The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using
language.
A : cultural
B : anticipatory
C : reductive
D : intellectual
```
B : anticipatory
85
```
The saying, If youve seen one, youve seen em all best reflects which of the following?
A : principle of similarity
B : law of pragnanz
C : semantic regularities
D : likelihood principle
```
D : likelihood principle
86
If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?
A : the oven
B : the cake
C : the flour
D : the flavor
B : the cake
87
```
Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?
A : a forest
B : a skyscraper
C : a shopping mall
D : a toll booth
```
C : a shopping mall
88
A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.
A : principles
B : eyesight
C : sensation
D : beliefs
D : beliefs
89
Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?
A : what, action, dorsal
B : where, ventral, perception
C : dorsal, where, action
D : perception, dorsal, what
C : dorsal, where, action
90
Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?
A : Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
B : Perceiving the transitional probability of a language
C : Perceiving the ringing of an alarm clock while sleeping
D : Perceiving the length of an unfamiliar object by using a familiar object
A : Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
91
How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?
A : The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.
B : The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived.
C : The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived.
D : The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced.
A : The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.
92
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
A : Many parts make up a whole.
B : Truth is relative.
C : Apparent motion is due to sensation.
D : The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
D : The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
93
```
The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of
____.
A : semantic regularity
B : physical regularity
C : perceptual regularity
D : orientation regularity
```
B : physical regularity
94
Semantic regularity refers to the _____.
A : regularity between locations
B : idea that regularities in the environment provide information we can use to resolve
ambiguities
C : meaning between properties of an object
D : consistency between situations
C : meaning between properties of an object
95
What is a scene schema?
A : Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
B : Knowledge of the meaning of a scene
C : Knowledge of the events leading to a scene
D : Knowledge of why a scene should be visualized
A : Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
96
Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?
A : The probability of an outcome is determined by chance.
B : The probability of an outcome is determined solely by the likelihood of the outcome.
C : The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.
D : The probability of an outcome is determined solely by our initial belief about the probability of
an outcome.
C : The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.
97
The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.
A : we use data about the environment to determine what is out there
B : perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience
C : top-down processing is central to perception
D : experience has no effect on perception, only sensation
B : perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience
98
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses & information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called:
A) consolidation
B) transduction
C) sensation
D) Perception
D) Perception
99
Computer Programs have been designed that can recognise matching human faces with the same accuracy as a a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when:
A) animals faces are substituted from human faces
B) the faces are viewed from an angle
C) the faces of children
D) the faces are of people with scars or deformities
B) the faces are viewed from an angle
100
Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by:
A) Goldstein
B) Helmholtz
C) Gestalt Psychologists
D) Gibson
B) Helmholtz
101
Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?
A) We must understand the basic components of perception.
B) We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition.
C) We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.
D) We need to identify the neurons that create perception
C) We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.
102
The "textured wall" example from your text illustrates
A) semantic regularities.
B) the oblique effect.
C) size constancy.
D) the light-from-above heuristic.
D) the light-from-above heuristic.
103
Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception.
A) illusory conjunctions
B) context
C) naming associations
D) attention
B) context
104
Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training session, FFA neurons had a(n) _____ response to faces and an _____ response to Greebles:
A) unvaried; unvaried
B) unvaried; increase
C) decreased; increased
D) increased; increased
C) decreased; increased
105
The fact that you can recognize your glasses as such from different angles specifically illustrates ___.
A) viewpoint invariance
B) unconscious inferences
C) the inverse projection problem
D) the direct pathway model
A) viewpoint invariance
106
Given that Betty is fluent in Spanish, she can tell when one word ends and the next one begins. This illustrates ___.
A) unconscious inference
B) the direct pathway model
C) speech segmentation
D) the likelihood principle
C) speech segmentation
107
If you spot a jumbled up piece of rope in a park, you will likely perceive it as a single strand due to ___.
A) the principle of good continuation
B) the law of pregnant
C) apparent movement
D) structuralism
A) the principle of good continuation
108
Which of the following is NOT considered part of the effects caused by apparent movement?
A) one image flashes on and off
B) there is a period of darkness lasting a fraction of a second
C) our perceptual system clearly denotes darkness
D) there is a second image that flashes on and off
C) our perceptual system clearly denotes darkness
109
Fundamentally, the principle of good figure emphasizes ___ in perception.
A) simplicity
B) semantic elements
C) complexity
D) physical stimuli
A) simplicity
110
All of the following are examples of physical regularities in the environment EXCEPT ___.
A) the oblique effect
B) the principle of good continuation
C) the principle of simplicity
D) the principle of similarity
D) the principle of similarity
111
Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be part of a scene schema for a college classroom?
a. a table
b. a jukebox
c. a lectern
d. a computer
b. a jukebox
112
Testing principles of Bayesian inference necessarily must involve ___.
A) theoretical interpretation
B) biological analyses
C) logical reasoning
D) mathematical procedures
D) mathematical procedures
113
Natural selection operates on principles of ___ which underscore the need for ___.
A) learning, reproduction
B) evolution, reproduction
C) learning, physical strength and beauty
D) evolution, physical strength and beauty
B) evolution, reproduction
114
What is the most significant difference, if any, between "Greeble novices" and "Greeble experts?"
A) There are no significant differences between these groups.
B) These experts show more sophisticated categorical organization.
C) These experts show greater fusiform face area activation than the novices.
D) These experts are more likely to show brain dysfunction than the novices
C) These experts show greater fusiform face area activation than the novices.
115
It is just about time for Samuel to receive the weekly call from his mother that has occurred for nearly two years, so when he answers the phone and hears a female voice, he says "it's the best mum in the world calling me." As it happens, it is the TA from his cognitive psychology class who is returning a call from him. He swears up and down that she really does sound just like his mother. Samuel has fallen prey to Helmholtz's...
A) assumption of regularity
B) principle of continuity
C) likelihood principle
D) law of pregnant
C) likelihood principle
116
```
The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as
A. dissociation.
B. brain ablation.
C. EEG.
D. fMRI.
```
B. brain ablation.
117
Making an analogy between a camera and the human eye is not a good approach to understand vision because
A. While the film of the camera is a flat surface, the retina (that has the same function as the film of the camera) has a curved surface.
B. The pupil has different properties than the aperture of the camera
C. The camera has a digitized version of an image whereas the information registered through the eye is analog.
D. The image formed in the eye is used to gather knowledge about the environment whereas camera do not process the information contained in the image.
D. The image formed in the eye is used to gather knowledge about the environment whereas camera do not process the information contained in the image.
118
Among these statements about perception, which statement is not correct?
A. Perceptions can change based on added information.
B. The process of perception is similar to problem solving and reasoning.
C. The goal of perception is to figure out physical regularities in the environment.
D. Perceptions occur in conjunction with actions.
C. The goal of perception is to figure out physical regularities in the environment.
119
```
The mapping between the image formed on the retina and the possible objects that could have generated that image is
A. Many-to-one
B. Many-to-many
C. None of the above.
D. One-to-one
```
A. Many-to-one
120
Viewpoint invarience is
A. perceiving the shape of an object by looking it from different viewpoints.
B. is one of the Gestalt grouping principles.
C. the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.
D. the ability to recognize objects that are hidden or blurred.
C. the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.
121
One kind of information we use in order perceive depth is the relative speed of objects in our visual field when we are in motion. When we are moving, objects that are closer to us seem to move faster in our visual field compared to objects that are further away. This is called...
A. motion parallax
B. principle of common fate
C. crossed-eye
D. stereo vision
A. motion parallax
122
Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
A. Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm
B. Speech segmentation
C. The response of a feature detector
D. Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
B. Speech segmentation
123
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text? (Make sure to read all the alternatives)
a. The oblique effect
b. The light-from-above assumption
c. Having one object that is partially covered by another
"come out the other side"
d. All of the above are relevant examples to the regularity of the environment
d. All of the above are relevant examples to the regularity of the environment
124
In the object discrimination problem, a monkey would receive ________ if it ________ .
a. food; removed the food well cover closer to the tall cylinder
b. a shock; removed the food well cover closer to the tall cylinder
c. a shock; pushed aside the target
d. food; pushed aside the target
a. food; removed the food well cover closer to the tall cylinder
125
Perception pathway is to action pathway as ________ .
a. how is to why
b. why is to how
c. where is to what
d. what is to where
d. what is to where
126
If you were a researcher who has just performed brain ablation, we should probably assume ________
a. that you have removed part of an animal's brain
b. that you are examining how brain damage in humans impact perception
c. that you are studying patients with intractable epilepsy
d. nothing at all
a. that you have removed part of an animal's brain
127
Perception is to memory as ________ .
a. accurate is to faulty
b. constructed is to restructured
c. create is to retrieve
d. recent is to past
c. create is to retrieve
128
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
A. make a decision about the stimulus.
B. attend to the stimulus.
C. perceive the stimulus.
D. process the stimulus.
A. make a decision about the stimulus.
129
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
A. measured directly.
B. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response.
C. measured by comparing responses among different participants.
D. inferred from the participant's behavior.
D. inferred from the participant's behavior.
130
Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they
A. described complex decision-making.
B. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
C. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations.
D. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.
B. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
131
```
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
A. functional analysis.
B. information processing.
C. behavioral analysis.
D. analytic introspection.
```
D. analytic introspection.
132
Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?
A. It requires no training.
B. It produces results that are too easy to verify.
C. It produces variable results from person to person.
D. It infers mental processes based on objective data.
C. It produces variable results from person to person.
133
```
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.
A. backward conditioning
B. discriminative stimuli
C. inhibitory neurotransmitters
D. positive reinforcers
```
D. positive reinforcers
134
Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?
A. The proposal of cognitive maps
B. Development of the technique of analytic introspection
C. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
D. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment
C. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
135
```
Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
A. Newell and Simon
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Colin Cherry
D. Donald Broadbent
```
D. Donald Broadbent
136
```
Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of
A. behaviorism.
B. humanism.
C. cognitive psychology.
D. operant conditioning.
```
C. cognitive psychology.
137
Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?
A. Structural models and process models
B. Psychodynamic models and behavioral models
C. Interpersonal models and intrapersonal models
D. Biological models and psychological models
A. Structural models and process models
138
```
The first formal laboratory of psychology was founded by _______ where the approach of _________ was created.
A. Ebbinghaus; behaviorism
B. Ebbinghaus; structuralism
C. Wundt; structuralism
D. Wundt; behaviorism
```
C. Wundt; structuralism
139
All of the following are examples of physical regularities in the environment EXCEPT ________ .
a. we perceive horizontals and verticals more easily in the environment
b. imagining a changing room in a department store
c. light comes from above
d. landscapes are often green
b. imagining a changing room in a department store
140
Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide are actions are called
A. perception.
B. sensation.
A. perception.
141
Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object. This is known as the
A. principle of size constancy.
B. principles of componential recovery.
C. perceptual organization.
D. feedback signal.
B. principles of componential recovery.
142
Which of the following is not a geon?
A. Cylinder
B. Pyramid
C. Cone
D. Circle
D. Circle
143
The recognition-by-components approach proposes that there are a number of basic features such as
A. movement and brightness.
B. curvature and tilt.
C. rectangular solids and cubes.
D. horizontal lines and vertical lines.
C. rectangular solids and cubes.
144
Which of the following statements is most consistent with recognition-by-components theory?
A. Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features.
B. Activation of letter units provides the information needed to determine which letter is present.
C. Top-down processing influences perception.
D. The focusing of attention eliminates illusory conjunctions.
A. Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features.
145
Which of the following is NOT associated with recognition-by-components theory?
A. Objects are analyzed into parts early in the perceptual process
B. Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects
C. Basic shapes are combined to form objects
D. Bottom-up processing
B. Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects
146
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
A. top-down
B. bottom-up
A. top-down
147
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
A. reception of the stimulus.
B. bottom-up processing.
C. top-down processing.
D. focused attention.
C. top-down processing.
148
When people look at a tree, they receive information about the geons of that object through stimulation of receptors. But they are also aided in identifying the object as a tree by knowledge that a tree often has the sky as a background and sits on grass. This prior knowledge travels down from higher centers to influence the incoming signals. The latter information from the higher centers illustrates
A. feedback signals.
B. principles of componential recovery.
C. the law of good figure.
D. the oblique effect.
A. feedback signals.
149
Charlene sees her boyfriend across campus and waves. Even though the image he projects on her retina from that distance is quite small, Charlene does not perceive him to have shrunk at all. Instead, she perceives him as far away because of
A. the light-from-above heuristic.
B. algorithmic thinking.
C. experience-dependent plasticity.
D. size constancy.
D. size constancy.
150
Speech segmentation is defined as
A. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
B. ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.
C. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
D. recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
C. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
151
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is
A. conjunction.
B. perceptual organization.
C. perceptual discriminability.
D. perceptual fusion.
B. perceptual organization.
152
Things that form patterns that are meaningful are likely to be grouped together according to the law of
A. simplicity.
B. similarity.
C. pragnanz.
D. familiarity.
D. familiarity.
153
When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language, the words seem to speed by in an unbroken string of sound. To a speaker of that language, the words seem separated. The Gestalt law that is operating here is the law of
A. similarity.
B. familiarity.
C. nearness.
D. good continuation.
B. familiarity.
154
In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to
A. the inverse projection problem.
B. a shift in your attentional focus.
C. a recency effect.
D. your prior knowledge.
D. your prior knowledge.
155
The example of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of
A. heuristics.
B. the Gestalt law of organization.
C. an algorithm.
D. both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.
D. both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.
156
A heuristic is a
A. "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.
B. procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem.
C. series of rules that specify how we organize parts into wholes.
D. short algorithm.
A. "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.
157
A heuristic for finding a cat that is hiding somewhere in the house is
A. to systematically search every room in the house.
B. to first look in the places where the cat likes to hide.
C. systematically searching every room and looking first where the cat likes to hide are equally fine heuristics
D. none of these
B. to first look in the places where the cat likes to hide.
158
A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is
A. heuristics usually take longer to carry out than algorithms.
B. algorithms are usually less systematic than heuristics.
C. heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do.
D. algorithms provide "best-guess" solutions to problems more so than heuristics.
C. heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do.
159
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
A. Vertical orientation
B. Horizontal orientation
C. Angled orientation
D. Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"
C. Angled orientation
160
The "indentations in the sand / bumps in the sand" example from your text illustrates
A. semantic regularities.
B. the oblique effect.
C. size constancy.
D. the light-from-above heuristic.
D. the light-from-above heuristic.
161
Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.
A. object discrimination problem
B. landmark discrimination problem
C. double dissociation problem
D. single dissociation problem
A. object discrimination problem
162
The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called
A. neuropsychology.
B. functional localization.
C. positron emission tomography.
D. the subtraction technique.
A. neuropsychology.
163
When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
A. are absent.
B. involve the same mechanism.
C. are present.
D. involve different mechanisms.
D. involve different mechanisms.
164
Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as
A. mirror neurons.
B. afferent neurons.
C. feature detectors.
D. receptors.
A. mirror neurons.
165
In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Parkinson's disease
C. Autism
D. Anorexia nervosa
C. Autism
166
Neurons that respond to sounds associated with actions are called
A. mirror neurons.
B. audiovisual mirror neurons.
C. audio mirror neurons.
D. visual mirror neurons.
B. audiovisual mirror neurons.
167
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of:
a. Top-down processing.
b. Repeated practice at the task.
c. Bottom-up processing.
d. Their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
a. Top-down processing.
168
Damage to the temporal lobe makes the ________ more difficult.
a. Landmark discrimination problem
b. Single dissociation problem
c. Double dissociation problem
d. Object discrimination problem
d. Object discrimination problem
169
The idea that "The whole is different than the sum of its parts" has been historically associated with the field of ________ .
a. psychophysics
b. Gestalt psychology
c. social psychology
d. structuralism
b. Gestalt psychology
170
Bayesian inference highlights the role of ________ in making perceptions.
a. probabilities
b. social judgments
c. personality
d. biological factors
a. probabilities
171
The concept of experience-dependent plasticity emphasizes ________ .
a. how the brain affects social behavior
b. how brain structures are changed by experience
c. why the brain impacts behavior more than the environment
d. why brain damage is so devastating to everyday functioning
b. how brain structures are changed by experience
