Chapter 6 - Lipids Flashcards
What are the 3 types of fats?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
What are the 3 fats composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Do the fats dissolve in water?
No, they dissolve in organic solvents
Triglyceride
Most common form of lipid in the body and in food; composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to the alcohol glycerol
Esterification
Process of attaching fatty acids to a glycerol molecule, creating an ester bond and releasing water.
Removing a fatty acid is called de-esterifcation and reattaching a fatty acid is re-esterification
Ester
Organic compound that has an O•C group attached to a carbonyl group; product of a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol; the formation of triglycerides involves forming ester bonds.
Free Fatty Acids
Fatty acid that isn’t attached to a glycerol molecule
Diglyceride
Breakdown product of a triglyceride; consists of 2 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone
Long Chain Fatty Acid
Fatty acid containing 12 or more carbons.
This fatty acid takes the longest to digest and is transported via the lymphatic system
Where are long chain fatty acids found?
In fats from beef, pork, and lamb; most plant oils
Medium Chain Fatty Acid
Fatty acid with 6 to 10 carbons.
Digested rapidly, like glucose; transported via circulatory system.
Where are medium chain fatty acids found?
In coconut and palm kernel oils
Short Chain Fatty Acid
Fatty acid with less than 6 carbons
Digests rapidly; transported via circulatory system
Where are short chain fatty acids found?
In dairy products (butter, whole milk)
Saturated Fattty Acid (SFA)
Fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA)
Fatty acid with one carbon-carbon double bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)
Fatty acid with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
What is the maximum number of bonds a carbon atom can form?
4
What is the maximum number of bonds an oxygen atom can form?
2
What is the maximum number of bonds a hydrogen atom can form?
1
Fatty Acid
Chain of carbons chemically bonded together and surrounded by hydrogen molecules. These hydrocarbons are found in lipids and contain a caarboxyl (acid) group and a methyl group.
Hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen to some carbon-carbon double bounds, producing some trans fatty acids. This process is used to convert liquid oils into more solid fats.
Both ways of naming fatty acids are based on what?
The number of carbons and double bond locations
Omega (w or n) Naming System
Indicates where the first double bond closest to the methyl (omega) end of the chain occurs
Delta (▲) Naming System
Described fatty acids in relation to the carboxyl end of the carbon chain and indicates the location of all double bonds
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)
Fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet to maintain health.
Currently, only linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid are classified as EFAs.
Where does the double bond occur on omega-3?
after the 3rd carbon from the methyl end
Where does the double bond occur on omega-6?
after the 6th carbon from the methyl end
Eicosanoids
Hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3s and omega-6s
Prostaglandins
Potent eicosanoid compounds that produce diverse effects in the body
What are some fat replacements?
Protein (Dairy Lo) Starch derivatives (Z-Trim) Fiber (Maltrim, Stellar, Oatrim) Engineered Fats Water
Why are fat replacements rarely used?
Not very versatile or practical
What is the role of triglycerides?
concentrated source of energy
insulates and cushions vital organs
helps transport essential nutrients in blood stream
What is the main fuel course for all body cells except the nervous system and red blood cells?
Triglycerides