Chapter 2 - Tools of a Healthy Diet Flashcards
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences.
Includes RDAs, EARs, AIs, EERs, and ULs
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
Nutrient intake amounts estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in a specific life stage.
EARs can only be set where there is a…
Functional Marker
These measure the adequacy of intake typically by evaluating the activity of an enzyme in the body or the ability of a cell or an organ to maintain normal physiological function
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97-98% of the individuals in a specific life stage.
These are the goals for usual intake to prevent nutrient deficiency
What is the general equation for setting the RDA?
RDA = EAR x 1.2
Adequate Intakes (AIs)
Nutrient intake amount set for any nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish an RDA.
AIs should cover more than 97-98% of individuals in a specific life stage.
What are AIs based on?
Estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage.
What are some examples of things that have AIs?
Essential fatty acids, fiber, certain vitamins and minerals
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
Maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage
What are ULs based on?
The combined intake of food, water, supplements, and fortified foods
What are some exceptions to ULs?
Niacin, magnesium, zinc, and nickel as their levels in food are not likely to be toxic
Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
Estimate of the energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage
Energy (carbs, fats, proteins, alcohol) consumed in amounts above what is needed is stored as…
Body fat
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
Range of macronutrient intake, as percent of energy, associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intake of essential nutrients
ex: AMDR of fat is 20-35% of calories
Nutrient Density
Ratio derived by dividing a food’s contribution to nutrient needs by its contribution to energy needs.
When its contribution to nutrient needs exceeds its energy contribution, the food is considered to have a favorable nutrient density
Empty Calorie Foods
Food that tends to be high in sugar and/or fat and low in other nutrients; that is, the calories are “empty” of nutrients
Daily Value (DV)
Generic nutrient standard used on Nutrition Facts labels.
Comprises of Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) and Daily Reference Values (DRVs)
Daily values (DVs) are set for which four groups?
Infants, toddlers, pregnant/lactating women, and people over the age of 4 (which is commonly printed)
Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs)
Part of the DV; generic nutrient standard for vitamins and minerals (except sodium and potassium)
RDIs are currently generally slightly higher than current RDAs and related nutrient standards.
Daily Reference Values (DRVs)
Part of the DV; generic nutrient standard set for energy producing nutrients (fat, carbs, protein, fiber), cholesterol, sodium, and potassium.