Chapter 13 - Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
Energy metabolism requires what five water soluble vitamins?
thiamin riboflavin niacin biotin pantothenic acid
What three water soluble vitamins are needed for amino acid metabolism and red blood cell synthesis?
vitamin B-6
folate
vitamin B-12
________ amounts of water soluble vitamins are stored in the body
Small
Is toxicity likely or unlikely?
super unlikely
Water soluble vitamins are easily destroyed by…
cooking, heat, light, air, alkaline substances
Coenzyme
Compound that combines with an inactive protein (apoenzyme) to form a catalytically active enzyme (holoenzyme)
Cofactor
Organic or inorganic substance that binds to a specific region on an enzyme and is necessary for the enzyme’s activity
All B-vitamins form…
coenzymes and cofactors
___-___% of B-vitamins in diet are absorbed
50-90%
Milled grain producers are enriched with what?
thiamin riboflavin niacin folic acid mineral iron
Deficiency in thiamin led to the 1800s Asian disease of…
Beriberi
Thiamin rich foods are…
Pork products
Sunflower seeds
Legumes
RDA thiamin
1.2mg/day for men, 1.1mg/day for women
DV thiamin
1.5mg
Thiamin is ___________ _____________ so it has no UL
Readily excreted
Thiamin is absorbed in the ______ _________ by _________ _________
Small intestine, Active absorption
_____-_____ mg of thiamin is stored where?
25-30; liver, muscles, brain, kidneys
Coenzyme for thiamin
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
What is TPP needed for?
Metabolism of carbs and branched chain amino acids
Needed for transketolase to convert glucose into other sugars
Symptoms of beriberi
Peripheral neuropathy Weakness Muscle pain/tenderness Enlargement of heart Difficulty breathing Edema Anorexia Weight loss Poor memory Confusion
Beriberi symptoms can develop how long after a thiamin-free diet?
14 days
Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff (cerebral beriberi)
Changes in vision
Ataxia
Impaired mental functions
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is common in…
Alcoholics
Riboflavin rich foods
Liver, mushrooms, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, milk, cottage cheese
Riboflavin breaks down with exposure to…
Light
RDA riboflavin
1.3mg/day for men, 1.1mg/day for women
DV riboflavin
1.7 mg
UL riboflavin
None
___-____% of free riboflavin is absorbed via _________ ___________ or ____________ ____________ in the small intestine
60-65%; active transport or facilitated diffusion
A small amount of riboflavin is stored where?
Liver, kidneys, heart
Riboflavin makes which coenzymes?
FAD and FMN (flavins)
Flavins (riboflavin coenzymes) are needed for…
Oxidation and reduction
Energy metabolism
Forming other compounds (B vitamins, antioxidants)
Ariboflavinosis
Deficiency of riboflavin that affects the mouth, skin, and red blood cells.
Symptoms = inflammation of throat/mouth/tongue, cracking in sor era of mouth (angular cheilitis), moist/red/scaly skin (seborrheaic dermstitis), anemia, fatigue, confusions, headaches
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency disease resulting in dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
What are the two forms of niacin?
Nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide)
Both forms of niacin create what enzymes needed for fatty acid synthesis, redox reactions, and the catabolism of macronutrients?
NAD and NADP+
Niacin rich foods
Mushrooms, wheat bran, fish, poultry, and peanuts
RDA niacin
16 mg NE/day for men, 14 mg NE/day for women
DV niacin
20 mg
Niacin UL
35mg (for fortified foods and supplements)
Niacin is absorbed in the _______ __________ by active transport and facilitated diffusion and is transported via the _________ _______ to the _________ where it is stored or delivered to body cells
Small intestine; portal vein to liver
Niacin is prescribed to….
Increase HDL cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels
Pantothenic makes what coenzyme and what is that coenzyme needed for?
Coenzyme A (CoA) Builds fatty acid, cholesterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones; also breaks down macronutrients
Pantothenic acid rich foods
Mushrooms, peanuts, egg yolks, yeast, broccoli, soy milk
Pantothenic acid in food is decreased when..
Milled, refined, frozen, heated, or canned
AI pantothenic acid
5mg/day
DV pantothenic acid
10mg/day
UL pantothenic acid
None
Pantothenic acid can make _______ ________ _________ which shuffle fatty acids through metabolic pathways
Acyl carrier proteins
Symptoms of a pantothenic acid deficiency
Headache
Fatigue
Impaired muscle coordination
GI tract disturbances
Biocytin
Biotin bound to the amino acid lysine in food proteins
Biotin rich foods
Whole grains, eggs, nuts, legumes
_________ in _______ ___________ synthesize biotin
Bacteria, large intestine
AI Biotin
30 ug/day
DV Biotin
300 ug/day
UL Biotin
None
Free biotin is absorbed in the _______ _________ via _________-dependent carriers
Small intestine; sodium
Small amounts of biotin are stored in….
Muscles, liver, brain
Biotin is needed for…
Metabolism of macronutrients
Helps DNA food in cell nucleus
Biotin Deficiency Symptoms
Skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, impaired growth
Avidin
Protein in raw egg whites that can bind biotin and inhibit its absorption. Cooking destroys avidin.
Vitamin B-6 is a family of what three compounds?
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxamine
Vitamin B-6 rich foods
Meat, fish, poultry
Vitamin B-6 in food is lost during…
Heating and processing
RDA Vitamin B-6
1.3mg/day
DV Vitamin B-6
2 mg
UL Vitamin B-6
100 mg/day ; over-consumption leads to irreversible nerve damage
Vitamin B-6 is absorbed via _________ ___________ and goes to _______ via the _____ ________ to be ___________ and then is released into the blood stream
Passive diffusion ; liver ; portal vein ; phosphorylated
What are the water soluble vitamins?
the B vitamins
vitamin C
choline
Vitamin B-6 is stored where?
Muscle tissue
Vitamin B-6 is needed for…
amino acid metabolism
synthesis of compounds (proteins, vitamins, neurotransmitters)
immune function
regulation of gene expression
Vitamin B-6 deficiency leads to…
seborrheic dermatitis microcytic hypochromic anemia convulsions depression confusion
Vitamin B-6 can be prescribed for..
carpal tunnel syndrome
PMS
nausea during pregnancy
Folic Acid
Form of folate found in supplements and fortified foods
Folate rich foods
liver, legumes, leafy green vegetables
Folate in food is reduced if exposed to..
heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light
RDA folate
400 ug DFE/day
DV folate
400 ug DFE
UL Folate
1000 ug for synthetic folic acid
Folate is _________ in the GI Tract and actively transported across the ___________ wall.
hydrolyzed ; intestinal
Folate is stored in the _______ or is released in the _______
liver ; blood
Folate is needed for…
DNA synthesis
amino acid metabolism
formation of dopamine and norepinephrine
Folate deficiency can lead to…
Megaloblastic/Macrocytic Anemia
Vitamin B-12 contains what mineral in its structure?
Cobalt
Vitamin B-12 rich foods
organ meats, fortified foods
Vitamin B-12 is not synthesized by ________; it is made by ____________
plants ; microorganisms
RDA Vitamin B-12
2.4 ug/day
DV Vitamin B-12
6 ug
UL Vitamin B-12
none
Vitamin B-12 is stored where and for how long?
Liver; several years
MOUTH
Absorption of Vitamin B-12
Salivary glands make R Protein which enhances the absorption of Vitamin B-12
STOMACH
Absorption of Vitamin B-12
a. ) HCl and pepsin release vitamin B-12 bound to protein in food
b. ) Free vitamin B-12 binds with R Protein
c. ) Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which enhances Vitamin B-12 absorption
SMALL INTESTINE
Absorption of Vitamin B-12
a. ) Trypsin from pancreas releases R Protein
b. ) Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor
ILEUM
Absorption of Vitamin B-12
Vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II.
You absorb ____% of Vitamin B-12 from food
50%
Vitamin B-12 is needed for…
formation of amino acid methionine and enzyme methylmalonyl mutase
Pernicious Anemia
Anemia due to inability to absorb sufficient Vitamin B-12; associated with nerve degeneration which leads to paralysis or death
A Vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to…
macrocytic anemia
elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations (which leads to heart attacks, stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and osteoporitic fractures)
Choline Rich Foods
foods of animal origin, grains, nuts, veggies, fruit
How is choline found in foods?
as free choline or lecithin
AI Choline
550 mg/day or men, 425 mg/day for women
UL Choline
3.5g/day
Can lead to a fishy odor, low BP, vomiting, and GI disturbances
Choline is absorbed in the _________ via _________ __________ and is transferred to the ______ via the ________ _____ where it is converted to ____________
intestine ; transport proteins ; liver ; portal vein ; betaine
Choline is a component of…
phospholipids, cell membranes, sphingomyelin
What is choline needed for?
synthesis of myelin
precursor for acetylcholine
helps liver export VLDL
Choline deficiency can lead to…
potential liver and muscle damage
What are two other names for Vitamin C?
ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid
Vitamin C Rich Foods
Citrus fruits, peppers, green veggies
Vitamin C is unstable when in contact with…
iron, copper, oxygen
RDA Vitamin C
90 mg/day for men, 75 mg/day for women
DV Vitamin C
60 mg
UL Vitamin C
2 g/day
can lead to GI problems, kidney stones
Vitamin C is absorbed in the _______ _________ by _______ ________ or __________ ___________
small intestine ; active transport or facilitated diffusion
Where is Vitamin C stored?
pituitary/adrenal glands
eyes
brain
white blood cells
Vitamin C is important for…
redox reactions synthesis of COLLAGEN, tyrosine, thyrozine, carnitine, norepinephrine, serotonin, bile acids, corticosteroids, aldosterone facilitates nonheme iron absorption immune function (white blood cells)
Vitamin C deficiency can lead to
scurvy!
connective tissue failure, impaired wound healing, bone pain, fractures, diarrhea, depression
Vitamin C prevents…
cancer (mouth, esophagus, stomach, lung) and heart disease
Carnitine is synthesized by..
lysine and methionine
Carnitine rich foods
meat and dairy products
Carnitine is needed to…
transport fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria
Carnitine deficiency can lead to…
abnormal fatty acid metabolism
Taurine is syntehsized from…
Methionine and cysteine
Taurine rich foods
those of animal origin
Taurine is needed for…
photoreceptor activity antioxidant defense activity in lungs and white blood cells normal nervous system function platelet aggregation cardiac contraction insulin action cell differentiation and growth
