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Psych 289 > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Any durable change in behaviour or knowledge

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2
Q

What are superstitions a result of?

A

Operant conditioning

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3
Q

What are phobias a result of?

A

Classical conditioning

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment?

A

Conditioning

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5
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
> Pavlovian conditioning > psychic reflex

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6
Q

What did Pavlov do re psychology field?

A

Shifted the focus from introspection to more objective scientific approach

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7
Q

What was the key to the Pavlovian dog experiment?

A

That the tone did not originally produce the salivary response
> it was a NEUTRAL STIMULUS

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8
Q

What was theoretical impact of Pavlov’s work?

A

Helped develop the functional perspective

- conditioning as evolutionary adaptive

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9
Q

What are the elements in classical conditioning?

A
  • UCS: unconditioned stimulus> stimulus that evokes response without previous conditioning
  • UCR: unconditioned response> unlearned reaction to a UCS without previous conditioning
  • CS: conditioned stimulus> previously neutral stimulus that can elicit a response due to conditioning
  • CR: conditioned response> learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus due to conditioning
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10
Q

What is the relationship between the UCR and CR?

A

They are often the same behaviourwith subtle differences, just evoked by different stimuli

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11
Q

When is a response elicited instead of evoked?

A

When it is drawn forth through conditioning instead of naturally occurring and automatic

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12
Q

What is a trial?

A

The presentation of a stimulus> usually to establish conditioned response

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13
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

Acquisition of likes and dislikes (preferences) via classical conditioning > can shape attitudes

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14
Q

Where is evaluative conditioning most often applied?

A

Advertising

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15
Q

What kind of physiological effects can classical conditioning have?

A
  • Immunosuppression
  • drug tolerance
  • sexual arousal
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16
Q

What are the effects of classical conditioning on drug use?

A

Drug use can elicit a conditioned opponent response that is a Compensatory CR> which compensate for some of the drug effects and maintain homeostasis thereby netutralizing some of the pleasure and drug’s effects, causing people do up their dose
>environmental cues then become CSs that elicit compensatory CRs which do not present when they are not in that environment
> lead to overdoses
> trigger com CRs in sober people, causing use
> environment can trigger withdrawal symptoms

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17
Q

What is the Classical Conditioning Process?

A
  • Acquisition: initial learning > depends on stimulus contiguity meaning they occur together in time and space > novel more likely to stand out
  • Extinction: weakening and disappearance of conditioned response > presentation of CS without UCS
  • Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of extinguished response > weaker than peak response strength > second can occur
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18
Q

What is the renewal effect?

A

the reappearance of a response in it’s originally learned environment, that had previously been extinguished in an environment other than where originally learned

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19
Q

Is extinction unlearning?

A

No, it is suppression

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20
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original
> adaptive
>panic disorder
> Little Albert and the fluffy white things w scary noise?

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21
Q

What is a rule for generalization and stimuli?

A

The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS

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22
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

When as organism that has learned a response to a specific stimuli does not respond in the same way to other similar stimuli > ability to discern

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23
Q

How are generalizations measured?

A

With generalization gradients>

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24
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

When a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus > new conditioned response formed off of a new CS that was paired with a previous CS

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25
Q

What is the form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences?

A

Operant conditioning

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26
Q

Whats the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning governs voluntary responses

CC regulates reflexive involuntary responses

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27
Q

What is instrumental learning?

A

By Thorndike, the precurser to operant conditioning that considered response as instrumental in obtaining a desired outcome> law of effect

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28
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects the association bw stimulus and response in strengthened
> cornerstone of Skinner’s OC theory

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29
Q

What was Skinner’s OC theory?

A

That organisms tend to repeat behaviour that are followed by favourable consequences

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30
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

when en event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response> reward

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31
Q

What is an operant chamber or Skinner box?

A

Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled

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32
Q

Are operant responses elicited?

A

No, they are emitted (to send forth) because they are voluntary

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33
Q

What is the benefit o a skinner box?

A

Enables the researcher to control reinforcement contingencies

34
Q

What are reinforcement contingencies?

A

circumstances /rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

35
Q

What is the key dependent variable in OC/skinner box?

A

The key DV is response rate over time

36
Q

What is used with a skinner box to graphically record response and reinforcement?

A

A cumulative recorder
> slash marks indicate reward given
> line always goes up or is flat, slope of line is key

37
Q

How are operant responses established?

A

Through shaping

38
Q

What is shaping?

A

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
> key to training animals

39
Q

When does extinction begin in operant conditioning?

A

When the reinforcement stops

40
Q

How does resistance to extinguish manifest in OC?

A

the organism continues to make the response after delivery of reward is terminated
> greater resistance = longer response after termination of reward
> depends on reinforcement schedule

41
Q

Does operant conditioning have a renewal effect?

A

Yes

> can impact recovery

42
Q

What are discriminative stimuli?

A

Cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating probable consequences of a response

43
Q

What are reactions to a discriminative stimulus governed by?

A

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination

44
Q

How is reinforcement that strengthens a response measured?

A

In rate of response

45
Q

What is the central process in reinforcement?

A

The strengthening of a response tendency

46
Q

How is reinforcement defined?

A

After the fact via its effect on behaviour

47
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Events/things that satisfy biological needs
> food, water, sex, affection
> limited # in species

48
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Events/things that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
> depend on learning
> money, attention, flattery, good grades, applause

49
Q

What do superstitions depend on and what can they do?

A
  • depend on Reinforcement

- can enhance performance, influence outcomes

50
Q

What is the schedule of reinforcement?

A

determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer

51
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement given at every instance of a designated response
> simplest pattern
> often used in shaping

52
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

When reinforcement is given only some of the time
> more realistic
> sporadic delivery creates great resistance

53
Q

What are the 4 types of reinforcement schedules?

A

1- Fixed-ratio (FR): reinforcement after given # responses
2- Variable ratio (VR): reinforcement after variable # > predetermined average
3- Fixed-interval (FI): reinforcement after fixed elapsed time
4- Variable interval (VI): reinforcement after variable elapsed time > predetermined average

54
Q

What is the difference between ratio and interval schedules?

A

-ratio: based on # of responses
> produce more rapid responding
-interval: based on time period

55
Q

Which schedules generate the most steady response rates and greatest resistance to extinction?

A

Variable schedules

56
Q

What is the typical shape of fixed-interval reinforcement?

A

scallops- pause after reinforcement

57
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement?

A

+ Positive

- negative

58
Q

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

A

-positive: response is strengthened via presentation of reward
-negative: response is strengthened via removal of aversive stimulus
> BOTH NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT STRENGTHEN BEHAVIOUR

59
Q

How is avoidance learned and in what is it rooted?

A

Avoidance is learned through negative reinforcement

> rooted in escape learning

60
Q

What is escape learning?

A

a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

> shuttle box

61
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

when an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
> combines CC + OC > Mowrer’s two-process theory

62
Q

Why is hard to get rid of phobias?

A

1- responses that allow avoidance earn negative reinforcement each instance
2- avoidance prevents opportunities for extinguishing the phobia > never exposed to CS

63
Q

What is punishment?

A

When an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
> can be the presentation of an aversive stimulus OR
> can be the removal of a rewarding stimulus

64
Q

What is the relationship bw negative reinforcement and punishment?

A

They are opposites

65
Q

What are the biological constraints to conditioning?

A
  • Instinctive drive: interference from animal’s innate response tendencies
  • Conditioned taste-aversion: impossible to create certain associations while impossible to prevent some taste-nausea associations > adaptive re toxicity
  • Preparedness: species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in particular ways > phobias to particular insects or objects> adaptive
66
Q

What is the evolutionary view of learning?

A

That basic mechanisms for learning are similar across species but modified via evolution

67
Q

What is latent learning?

A

(Tolman), when learning occurs without reinforcement

> not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs

68
Q

What was the significance of latent learning?

A
  • learning can happen w/o reinforcement

- cognitive processes are relevant to understanding conditioning (mental map)

69
Q

What are signal relations?

A

(Rescorla) WHen environmental stimuli serve as signals and some are better than others at predicting

70
Q

In signal relations when is a response likely to be strengthened?

A

When a person thinks that the response caused the desirable outcome, not just when a desirable event is concurrent
> detecting contingencies among environmental events

71
Q

What is observational learning?

A

When an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others/models

72
Q

Who was the main proponent of observational learning?

A

Bandura

73
Q

Does observational learning cancel conditioned learning?

A

No, it extends the reach of conditioning
> conditioning of one subject is taken up by observation by another
> indirect conditioning

74
Q

What are the 4 key processes to observational learning?

A

1- Attention: focus on behaviour and consequences
2- Retention:
3- Reproduction: enacting modelled response > convert memory into overt behaviour
4- Motivation: unlikely to reproduce unless motivated to do so> will it pay off

75
Q

What affects which responses are acquired vs performed?

A

Reinforcement

76
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another preform same action
> frontal and perietal lobes
> may underlie ability to understand others
> empathize

77
Q

What is the systemic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning?

A

Behaviour modification

78
Q

What are the 5 steps of behaviour modification?

A 
Step 1: Specify target behaviour
Step 2: Gather baseline data
Step 3: Design program
Step 4: Execute and evaluate
Step 5: End program
79
Q

What are antecedents?

A

Events that precede the target response

80
Q

What is a token economy?

A

A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged for a variety of genuine reinforcers

81
Q

What are two things that can increase the likelihood of compliance with a behaviour modification program?

A
  • behavioural contract

- have someone else dole out reinforcement or punishment

Psych 289 (8 decks)

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