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Psych 289 > Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the term for the awareness of internal and external stimuli?

A

Counciousness

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2
Q

What can dictate the thoughts in the stream of consciousness?

A

Intention

> attention could be a unifying concept in psychology

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3
Q

What is one of the most fundamental issues in science?

A

Consciousness and its basis in neural cell assemblies

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4
Q

Where does almost all human behaviour come from?

A

A mix of conscious and unconscious processing

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5
Q

Are consciousness and attention the same?

A

No, you can have one without the other

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6
Q

What is people’s experience of task-unrelated thoughts?

A

Mind Wandering
>15-50% of the time
> less likely if task requires more cognitive resources
> linked to creativity

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7
Q

What is the difference between controlled and automatic processes?

A

-Controlled: thoughts we exert some control over> intentional
- Automatic: happens without our intention/control/effotr
>implicit processes

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8
Q

What is the theory that under some circumstances, the quality of decisions made under conditions when people can’t engage in conscious thought can be more accurate?

A

Theory of unconscious thought

> distraction from conscious deliberation can enhance decisions

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9
Q

What is the key to distinguishing between conscious and unconscious?

A

Attention

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10
Q

From what does consciousness arise?

A

activity in distributed networks of neural pathways

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11
Q

How is conscious thought constrained?

A

By capacity limitations
> Only a small subset of relevant info is considered
> Unconscious doesn’t have same constraints

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12
Q

What instrument is use to explore the connection between brain activity and levels of consciousness?

A

EEG

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13
Q

What are the 4 principle bands of brainwaves and corresponding frequencies?

A
  • Beta > 13-24 cps: waking thought/problem solving
  • Alpha > 8-12 cps: deep relaxation/meditation
  • Theta > 4-7 cps: light sleep
  • Delta> > 4 cps: deep sleep

> reflect different states of consciousness

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14
Q

Who discovered REM sleep, started the first sleep lab and transformed research from the study of dreams to the study of the nature of sleep and sleep problems?

A

William Dement

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15
Q

What are periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning known as?

A

Biological rhythms, biological clocks

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16
Q

What is the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species?

A

Circadian rhythm

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17
Q

What does the circadian rhythm influence in the body?

A
  • Sleep
  • blood pressure
  • urine production
  • hormonal secretions
  • short-term memory
  • alertness
  • cognitive performance
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18
Q

What are some of the main schedules for circadian-ruled functions?

A
  • Alertness grows through the day and peaks at 6pm > linked with body temp
  • Core body temp is low during sleep and rises with waking
  • Growth hormone secretion occurs during sleep
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19
Q

What happens when subjects are cut off from time cues of 24hr day?

A

Circadian rhythms persist but cycle runs a little longer- closer to 25hr

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20
Q

What solutions are provided to counteract effects of shift work and which is most effective?

A
  • melatonin> timing of dose is crucial
  • light exposure> timing crucial
  • scheduling shifts with progressively later start times + longer periods between shift changes
    > scheduling shift changes most effective
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21
Q

What tools of measurement are used in a sleep lab?

A
  • EEG
  • EMG (electromyograph) > muscular tension
  • EOG (electrooculograph) > eye movements
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22
Q

What are the 5 stages of sleep?

A

Stage 1: 1-7 mins > alpha waves to theta waves
>muscle tension and temp drop
>hypnic jerks

Stage 2: 10-25 mins > mix of brainwaves
> sleep spindles on EEG

Stage 3 + 4: reached in 30 mins > delta waves
> slow-wave sleep
> maintained for 30 mins

Stage 5: REM sleep > beta waves
> first cycle a few minutes > subsequent cycles progressively longer- 40-60 mins
> lateral side-to-side movements of the eyes
> hard to awaken from
> irregular breathing and pulse
> sleeper virtually paralyzed
> high dream recall (78%)

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23
Q

What is slow-wave sleep?

A

Sleep stages 3 + 4 when high-amplitude low-frequency delta waves dominate

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24
Q

What happens after Stage 4 is complete?

A

The cycle reverses back up through Stage 2 after which stage 5 is entered

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25
Q

What other important functions does sleep serve?

A
  • consolidate memories acquired during the day

- different types of learning

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26
Q

What is referred to as Non-REM sleep?

A

Sleep Stages 1-4

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27
Q

How many sleep cycles occur in one night?

A

4

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28
Q

When do posture changes occur during sleep?

A

Between REM periods

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29
Q

As the night progresses what happens to the REM periods?

A

REM periods get longer while Non-REM gets shallower

>REM dominates second half of night

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30
Q

What is particular to the final REM period?

A
  • fastest eye movements

- dreams best remembered

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31
Q

What is the split of slow wave and REM sleep for young adults?

A
  • slow wave: 15-20%

- REM 20-25%

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32
Q

What is the term for how quickly one falls asleep, how long stays asleep and how one cycles through stages?

A

The architecture of sleep

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33
Q

What stages of sleep do newborns experience?

A

2 stages: REM and Non-REM
> sleep 6-8 times in 24 hrs
> more than 16 hrs of sleep in one night

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34
Q

What is the split of REM sleep between babies and adults?

A
  • 50% babies

- 20% adults

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35
Q

How does REM sleep change in infants and children?

A

1yr: 50% > 30%

1-5yrs: 30% > 20% gradually

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36
Q

What is the key feature of sleep patterns with aging?

A
  • Proportion of REM sleep stays stable
  • slow wave declines
  • Stage 1 increases slightly
  • average total sleep time decreases
  • affects men more than women
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37
Q

What is a key conclusion of the effects of aging on sleep quality?

A

Growing older itself does not lead to poor sleep if remain healthy
> to do with increase in health problems that interfere with sleep

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38
Q

What are cultural differences in sleep?

A
  • Co-sleeping very common in Non-western world

- napping customs > siesta, may be adaptive

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39
Q

What structures regulate the rhythm of sleeping and waking?

A

Subcoritcal areas > reticular formation

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40
Q

What is the system that consists of afferent fibres running through the reticular formation that influences physiological arousal?

A

ARAS= ascending reticular activating system

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41
Q

What happens when the ARAS fibres are cut and stimulated?

A
  • Cut: continuous sleep

- Stimulated: arousal and alertness

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42
Q

What structures regulate the rhythm of sleeping and waking?

A
  • reticular formation
  • pons
  • hypothalamus
  • medulla, thalamus, basal forebrain control sleep and neurotransmitters
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43
Q

What is the system that consists of afferent fibres running through the reticular formation that influences physiological arousal?

A

ARAS= ascending reticular activating system

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44
Q

What is the paradox of sleep deprivation?

A

It is not as detrimental as thought but has major social implications
> puts all health at risk

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45
Q

What do the effects of sleep deprivation depend on?

A
  • amount of sleep lost

- task at hand

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46
Q

What do people who are sleep deprived often think?

A

That they are performing normally

> results in lapses of judgement

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47
Q

What effects does sleep deprivation have on emotions?

A
  • more reactivity
  • emotional jello
  • possible link to psychopathy
  • active and isolated amygdalas
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48
Q

What happens when subjects are REM sleep deprived?

A

They will spontaneously go into REM sleep more frequently
> rebound effect occurs where they will spend more time in REM over 1-3 nights
> similar effect with slow wave deprivation

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49
Q

What is one of the effects of REM on cells?

A

Fosters neurogenesis > hippocampus

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50
Q

What is the mortality risk associated with sleep loss?

A

Increased mortality < 7 hrs and > 8hrs
> highest mortality for people sleeping > 10hrs
> could be a marker of other problems

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51
Q

What are the main types of sleep disorders?

A
  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
  • sleep apnea
  • nightmares
  • night terrors
  • somnambulism
  • REM sleep behaviour disorder
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52
Q

What are the 3 patterns of insomnia and what is likely the primary cause?

A

1- falling asleep
2- remaining asleep
3- early awakening

> hyper arousal may be primary cause >hormonal patterns

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53
Q

What is pseudo-insomnia?

A

When people think they are getting inadequate sleep when they’re not

54
Q

What is the common treatment for insomnia and what is very successful?

A

2 types of sedatives:
- benzodiazipine (anti-anxiety)
- Non-benzo (sleep problems)
> poor long-term solution

  • psychology based treatments such as relaxation and behavioural intervention are effective in short-term and have long-lasting benefits
55
Q

What occurs during narcolepsy?

A 
A person goes directly from wakefulness to REM sleep
> 10-20mins
>0.05% of population
> treated w stimulants
> can be genetically predisposed
56
Q

What are the key qualifiers of sleep apnea?

A
  • stopping breathing for at least 10 seconds at least 5 times per hour
57
Q

What effect can sleep apnea have on health?

A

increases vulnerability to hypertension, heart disease and stroke

58
Q

What are night terrors?

A

abrupt awakening from Non-REM sleep + intense autonomic arousal + panic
> occur in Stage 4
> don’t recall coherent dream
> common in children 3-8yrs

59
Q

When does sleep walking most often occur in a night?

A

In first two hours of sleep
> lasts 15-30 mins
> occurs during slow wave

60
Q

Which disorders can be a genetic disposition?

A
  • Somnambulism

- Narcolepsy

61
Q

What occurs during REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)?

A
  • troublesome dream enactments during REM
    > yelling + jumping
    > violent and can hurt themselves or partner
62
Q

What is the cause of RBD, who does it afflict and how is it treated?

A
  • deterioration in the brainstem structures responsible for REM immobilization
  • Men 50-60
  • treatment difficult and concurrent with other syndromes
63
Q

What is a universal feature in dreams?

A

A coherent sense of self

> first-person perspective

64
Q

What are interesting findings of dream studies?

A
  • people are more tolerant of logical discrepancies
  • typically in familiar settings and people
  • generally coherent and realistic worlds
65
Q

What are more common for female dreams?

A
  • negative perspective
  • phobias
  • anxiety
  • control issues
    > reflect conventional gender roles
66
Q

What is the progression of children’s dream recall?

A
  • recall after REM 20-30% > increases to 80% bw 9-11 yrs
  • under 5 yrs > bland and no story
  • 5-8 yrs report narratives but lacking in development and aggression/misfortune
  • 11-13 dreams become more adult-like
67
Q

How do dreams relate to cognition?

A

Dreaming is a cognitive ability that develops gradually like other cognitive abilities

68
Q

What is the spill-over of waking life into dream content?

A

Daily residue

69
Q

What is the state when people realise they are dreaming while inside the dream?

A

Lucid dreaming

70
Q

How are dreams perceived in non-western cultures?

A
  • importance to self or spirit
  • systems for interpretations vary
  • contents vary because societies deal with different worlds
71
Q

What are the primary dream theories?

A
  • Freud > dreams as wish fulfillment
  • Cartwright > Cognitive Problem Solving View: engage in creative thinking unrestrained by logic and realism
  • Hobson/McCarley > Activation-synthesis model: dreams are side-effects of neural activation that produces beta waves
72
Q

What makes it difficult to test theories?

A

Private subjective nature of dreams

73
Q

What is the main criticism of the Cognitive problem solving view of dreams?

A

people don’t always dream up solutions

74
Q

What is the main criticism of the Activation-synthesis model of dreams?

A

It cannot account for Non-REM dreaming and contents more meaningful than model predicts

75
Q

What did Franz Mesmer do?

A

Claimed he could cure illness w the power of suggestion

76
Q

Who practically applied hypnosis for the first time in medicine and how?

A
  • James Braid

- used as anaesthetic

77
Q

What is the systemic procedure that produces a heightened state of suggestibility?

A

Hypnosis

78
Q

Hypnosis is ________?

A

Induced

79
Q

What is the SHSS?

A

Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale

> shows few are highly susceptible 10-15%

80
Q

What are the 3 components of susceptibility to hypnosis?

A

1) Absorption > capacity to block peripheral awareness
2) Dissociation > ability to separate aspects of perception
3) Suggestibility > tendency to accept direction

81
Q

What is a key finding of hypnosis research?

A

People who are responsive under hypnosis are just as responsive to suggestion without it
> imaginative suggestibility

82
Q

What are the primary hypnotic phenomena?

A
  • Anaesthesia
  • Sensory distortions + hallucinations
  • Disinhibition
  • Post-hypnotic suggestions + amnesia
83
Q

What are the theories re hypnosis?

A

1- Social cognitive theory > role playing
>effects duplicated by non-hyp people
2- Altered State of consciousness > dissociation enables the person to have 2 simultaneous streams of awareness > hidden observer
> brain imaging shows consistent w hallucinations

84
Q

Has the study of hypnosis produced physiological changes?

A

No, not on EEG

85
Q

What is the biggest support for Dissociation?

A

Divided consciousness is already a common experience

> highway hypnosis

86
Q

What is the family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under voluntary control?

A

Meditation

> deliberate effort to alter consciousness

87
Q

What are the two main approaches to meditation?

A
  • focused attention > attention on one thing: breathing
    >TM
  • open monitoring > attention to moment-to-moment in non-judgement > detached observer
    > Zen buddhism, mindfulness
88
Q

How has mindfulness been integrated into common practice?

A

CBT for psychotherapy to treat anxiety, depression, OCD, others

89
Q

What happens when meditation occurs?

A
  • alpha & theta waves increases

- heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, etc decrease

90
Q

What characterizes mediation physiologically?

A

suppression of bodily arousal

91
Q

What do brain images of meditators show?

A
  • increase activity in prefrontol cortex
  • different approaches have different activity
  • changes unlikely from simple relaxation
  • can change brain structure
92
Q

What do critics site re meditation as an altered state?

A
  • placebo effect and relaxation
93
Q

What are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional and behavioural functioning?

A

Psychoactive drugs

94
Q

What age category has seen a rise in binge drinking?

A

Youth 15-24

95
Q

What are the 6 categories of psychoactive drugs?

A
  • Narcotics
  • Sedatives
  • Stimulants
  • Hallucinogens
  • Cannabis
  • Alcohol
  • MDMA
96
Q

What are narcotics, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A 
Opiate based drugs
- originally to relieve pain
> heroin
> morphine
> oxycodone > time release for less abuse
> demerol
97
Q

What are the main symptoms and side effects of narcotics?

A

Symptoms> euphoria, well-being, ‘who cares’

Side effect> lethargy, nausea, motor functions, constipation

98
Q

What are sedatives, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A

Sleep inducing drugs that decrease CNS activation
> downers
- qualudes
- barbiturates/non-barbiturates

99
Q

What are the main symptoms and side effects of sedatives?

A

Symptoms> euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions
Side effects> drowsiness, mood swings, impairment of mental functioning, lethargy, motor coordination

100
Q

What are stimulants, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A

Drugs that increase the CNS activation
>cocaine
>amphetamines
> caffeine and nicotine

101
Q

What are the main symptoms and side effects of stimulants?

A

Symptoms> buoyant euphoria, increased alertness, excitement, reduced fatigue
Side effects> anxiety, blood pressure, talkativeness, sweating, paranoia, aggressiveness, reduced appetite

102
Q

What is freebasing?

A

chemical treatment used to extract pure cocaine from street cocaine
> makes crack

103
Q

What are hallucinogens, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A

Powerful effect on mental and emotional functioning
> distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
- LSD
- Psylocybin
- Mescaline

104
Q

What are the main symptoms and side effects of hallucinogens?

A

Symptoms> euphoria, increased sensory awareness, altered perceptions, hallucinations, sense of time, insightful experiences
Side effects> nausea, dilated pupils, paranoia, mood swings, panic, anxiety, impaired judgement, bad trip

105
Q

What is cannabis, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A 
Hemp plant
> pain relief
- marijuana
- hashish > hemp resin
- THC > active chemical ingredient
106
Q

What are the main symptoms and side effects of cannabis?

A

Symptoms> mild euphoria, relaxation, altered perceptions, enhanced awareness
Side effects> bloodshot eyes, increased heart rate, dry mouth, reduced short term memories, sluggish motor and mental, anxiety

107
Q

What is alcohol, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A

Variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol

  • beer
  • wine
  • distilled spirits
108
Q

What are the main symptoms and side effects of alcohol?

A

Symptoms> mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions, increased self-esteem
Side effects> impaired coordination and mental, increased urination, emotional swings, depression, quarrelsomeness, hangover

109
Q

What is the most widely used drug in society?

A

Alcohol

110
Q

What is mdma, what is the most common purpose, and most common forms?

A

Drug compound related to amphetamines and mescaline
> molly or ecstacy
Symptoms> warm, friendly, euphoric, sensual, insightful, empathetic, short high
Side effects> increased blood pressure, muscle tension, sweating, blurred vision, insomnia, transient anxiety

111
Q

What is a drug tolerance?

A

A progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug
> leads to larger doses
>alcohol slow tolerance
> heroin fast tolerance

112
Q

What are the main mechanisms of psychoactive drugs?

A

Neurotransmitter activity

113
Q

What neurotransmitters do amphetamines affect?

A

Monoamines increase the release and interfere with reuptake of
> Norepinephrine
> Dopamine

  • causes increased levels of DA and NE at affected synapses
114
Q

What effect does cocaine have on monoamines?

A

Similar to amphetamines but it also blocks the reuptake of seratonin as well as DA and NE > can lead to DA and NE defficiency

115
Q

What is crucial to the pleasureable effects of cocaine and amphetamines?

A

Elevated activity of dopamine circuits

116
Q

How do opiates affect neurotransmitters?

A

They bind to endorphin receptor sites

>indirectly elevate activity in dopamine pathways that modulate reward

117
Q

How does cannabis affect neurotransmitters?

A

THC ‘hijacks’ the 2 types of cannabinoid receptors
> increases release of endorphines
> activates dopamine circuits

118
Q

What are the naturally produced chemicals in the body similar to THC?

A

Endocanabanoids> anandamide

> influence GABA and glutamate synapses

119
Q

What is the theory about what specific neural pathway is affected by recreational drugs?

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Midbrain > medial forebrain bundle> nucleus accumbens > prefrontal cortex

> dopamine projection/release

120
Q

How does a physical dependence develop?

A

When a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal
> common to narcotics, sedatives, alcohol & stimulants

121
Q

Dependency is also an example of what?

A

classical conditioning > situational specific tolerance

122
Q

How is a psychological dependence developed?

A

when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings
> need is more powerful than physical dependence
> all rec drugs but hallucinogens

123
Q

What is the chief factor in craving and addition?

A

Dysregulation in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

124
Q

What do both types of dependence demonstrate?

A

Alterations in synaptic transmissions

125
Q

What are common health effects of rec drugs?

A
  • Overdose > CNS depressants systems stop
    > CNS stimulants cause overload: heart attack, stroke, seizure
  • Direct effects> physiological damage
  • Indirect-effects> health-impairing behaviour: attitude, intention and behaviour
126
Q

What drug has the most diverse negative effects on physical health?

A

Alcohol

127
Q

What is the most controversial drug?

A

Marijuana

  • heavy use increases risk of lung and resp disease
  • suppresses aspects of immune system
  • link to psychotic disorders> schizophrenia
  • temp decrease in testosterone
  • heavy chronic use linked to impairment of attention, learning, memory
128
Q

What are the general findings re MDMA?

A

Not very addictive by psychological dependence can occur

  • stroke, heart attack, seizure, liver damage
  • sleep disorders and depression
  • subtle long-term memory deficits and decrease in performance learning
129
Q

What is the main finding re nap effectiveness?

A

Naps can be refreshing and beneficial if they don’t interfere with night sleep
> esp when rich in slow wave or REM

130
Q

What is the problem with CNS depressants and sleep?

A

They can dissrupt the sleep cycle

131
Q

Is alcoholism a disease?

A

no conclusive evidence but a disease is an impairments in normal functioning of an organism that alters its vital functions

132
Q

What is the tendency to use definitions as explanations?

A

Nominal fallacy

Psych 289 (8 decks)

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