Chapter 6 - Learning

Question 1

any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

irrational fears of specific objects or situation

Answer 2

phobias

Question 3

intense fear of being in public places where it may be difficult to escape from or in which it might be difficult to obtain help

Answer 3

agoraphobia

Question 4

involves learning connections b/t events that occur in an organism’s environment

Answer 4

conditioing

Question 5

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Answer 5

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

Question 6

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Answer 6

unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Answer 7

unconditioned response

Question 8

previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus

Question 9

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Answer 9

conditioned response

Question 10

consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

Answer 10

trial in classical conditoning

Question 11

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive and negative stimuli

Answer 11

evaluative conditioning

Question 12

the initial stage of learning something

Answer 12

acquisition

Question 13

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Answer 13

extinction

Question 14

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 14

spontaneous recovery

Question 15

a response is extinguished in a diff environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place

Answer 15

renewal effect

Question 16

when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 16

stimulus generalization

Question 17

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 17

stimulus discrimination

Question 18

which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 18

higher-order conditioning

Question 19

involves a species-specific predispostion to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

Answer 19

preparedness

Question 20

form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Answer 20

operant conditioning

Question 21

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association b/t the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Answer 21

law of effect

Question 22

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

Answer 22

reinforcement

Question 23

circumstances or rules that determine whether response lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Answer 23

reinforcement contingencies

Question 24

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Answer 24

primary reinforcers

Question 25

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 25

secondary reinforcers

Question 26

consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Answer 26

shaping

Question 27

cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences of a response

Answer 27

discriminative stimuli

Question 28

occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Answer 28

continous reinforcement

Question 29

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Answer 29

intermittent reinforcement

Question 30

reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses

Answer 30

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 31

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses

Answer 31

variable-ratio schedule

Question 32

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Answer 32

fixed-interval schedule

Question 33

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Answer 33

variable-interval schedule

Question 34

occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Answer 34

postive reinforcement

Question 35

occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Answer 35

negative reinforcemnt

Question 36

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

Answer 36

escape learning

Question 37

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

Answer 37

avoidance learning

Question 38

learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs

Answer 38

latent learning

Question 39

occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes

Answer 39

instinctive drift

Question 40

organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Answer 40

observational learning