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Psychology > Chapter 6 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Reflexes

A
  • Motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus
  • Simpler than instincts
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2
Q

Instincts

A
  • Behaviours triggered by a broader range of event (ex, aging, change of seasons)
  • More complex
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3
Q

What is learning ?

A

Experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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4
Q

Different types of learning: behaviourism

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • observational learning
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5
Q

Pavlov’s experiments

A

Classical conditioning
Not a psychologist

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

When a previously neutral stimulus produces a reflexive response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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7
Q

Stimulus

A
  • anything in the environment that is detectable through the senses
  • elicits action
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8
Q

Behaviour

A
  • response of an organism to a stimulus
  • reflexive (classical conditioning)
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9
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

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10
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

A natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salvation in response to food)

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11
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

Stimulus that elicits a response aster repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

The behaviour caused by the conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Basic principles of classical conditioning

A

Generalization, discrimination, habituation

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15
Q

Generalization

A

Something similar enough to the conditioned stimuli still causes a conditioned response

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

Ability to tell one stimulus from another

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17
Q

Habituation

A

If you get used to stimuli results in less response
Ex. Sensory adaptation

18
Q

Little Albert

A

Watson experiment
1. Presented with neutral stimuli (rabbit, dog, rat, etc.)
2. Paired these with a loud sound every time Albert touched the stimuli causing fear
3. After repeated pairings, he became fearful of the stimulus alone

19
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

Study with 3 year old Peter who had a fear of rabbits
Successfully eliminates the fear response through conditioning

20
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
We learn quickly when we needed

21
Q

Operant behaviour

A

Behaviour that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
Coined by BF skinner
Operant chamber

22
Q

Positive reinforcement (operant chamber)

A

Increases likelihood of behaviour
(Food)
Added

23
Q

Negative reinforcement (operent chamber)

A

Increase likelihood of behaviour
(Remove shock)
Removed

24
Q

Positive punishment (operant chamber)

A

Decrease likelihood of behaviour
(Shock)
Added

25
Q

Negative punishment (operent chamber)

A

Decrease likelihood in behaviour
(Remove food)
Removed

26
Q

Shaping

A

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

27
Q

Primary reinforces

A

Satisfy biological needs
Innate level (food, safety)

28
Q

Secondary reinforces

A

Associated with primary reinforces
What makes sense to you
Ex. Giving money to a toddler as a reward, doesn’t mean anything to them

29
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

When ALL of the responses are followed by reinforcement
Good for quick learning
Rewarding everything, means nothing feels like a reward

30
Q

Partial reinforcement (intermittent)

A

When only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
Takes longer to learn
Dopamine = waiting for the reward (anticipation)

31
Q

Interval schedule

A

Based on time

32
Q

Ratio schedule

A

Based on responses

33
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Fixed time periods (same amount)

34
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Fixed time periods (same amount)

35
Q

Vareiable interval schedule

A

Randomized time

36
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement delivered after a specific number of responses

37
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcements delivered after a random number of responses

38
Q

Latent learning

A

Condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioural change until sometime in the future

39
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the physical features of the environment

40
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Studied aggressive observational learning using the Bobo doll experience

41
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Studied aggressive observational learning using the Bobo doll experience

Psychology (6 decks)

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