Chapter 6 - Learning

Question 1

Reflexes

Answer 1

• Motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus
• Simpler than instincts

Question 2

Instincts

Answer 2

• Behaviours triggered by a broader range of event (ex, aging, change of seasons)
• More complex

Question 3

What is learning ?

Answer 3

Experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 4

Different types of learning: behaviourism

Answer 4

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• observational learning

Question 5

Pavlov’s experiments

Answer 5

Classical conditioning
Not a psychologist

Question 6

Classical conditioning

Answer 6

When a previously neutral stimulus produces a reflexive response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Question 7

Stimulus

Answer 7

• anything in the environment that is detectable through the senses
• elicits action

Question 8

Behaviour

Answer 8

• response of an organism to a stimulus
• reflexive (classical conditioning)

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 9

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

Question 10

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 10

A natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salvation in response to food)

Question 11

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 11

Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 12

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

Stimulus that elicits a response aster repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 13

The behaviour caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Basic principles of classical conditioning

Answer 14

Generalization, discrimination, habituation

Question 15

Generalization

Answer 15

Something similar enough to the conditioned stimuli still causes a conditioned response

Question 16

Discrimination

Answer 16

Ability to tell one stimulus from another

Question 17

Habituation

Answer 17

If you get used to stimuli results in less response
Ex. Sensory adaptation

Question 18

Little Albert

Answer 18

Watson experiment
1. Presented with neutral stimuli (rabbit, dog, rat, etc.)
2. Paired these with a loud sound every time Albert touched the stimuli causing fear
3. After repeated pairings, he became fearful of the stimulus alone

Question 19

Mary Cover Jones

Answer 19

Study with 3 year old Peter who had a fear of rabbits
Successfully eliminates the fear response through conditioning

Question 20

Biological preparedness

Answer 20

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
We learn quickly when we needed

Question 21

Operant behaviour

Answer 21

Behaviour that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
Coined by BF skinner
Operant chamber

Question 22

Positive reinforcement (operant chamber)

Answer 22

Increases likelihood of behaviour
(Food)
Added

Question 23

Negative reinforcement (operent chamber)

Answer 23

Increase likelihood of behaviour
(Remove shock)
Removed

Question 24

Positive punishment (operant chamber)

Answer 24

Decrease likelihood of behaviour
(Shock)
Added

Question 25

Negative punishment (operent chamber)

Answer 25

Decrease likelihood in behaviour (Remove food) Removed

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

Question 27

Primary reinforces

Answer 27

Satisfy biological needs Innate level (food, safety)

Question 28

Secondary reinforces

Answer 28

Associated with primary reinforces What makes sense to you Ex. Giving money to a toddler as a reward, doesn’t mean anything to them

Question 29

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

When ALL of the responses are followed by reinforcement Good for quick learning Rewarding everything, means nothing feels like a reward

Question 30

Partial reinforcement (intermittent)

Answer 30

When only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement Takes longer to learn Dopamine = waiting for the reward (anticipation)

Question 31

Interval schedule

Answer 31

Based on time

Question 32

Ratio schedule

Answer 32

Based on responses

Question 33

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 33

Fixed time periods (same amount)

Question 34

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 34

Fixed time periods (same amount)

Question 35

Vareiable interval schedule

Answer 35

Randomized time

Question 36

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 36

Reinforcement delivered after a specific number of responses

Question 37

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 37

Reinforcements delivered after a random number of responses

Question 38

Latent learning

Answer 38

Condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioural change until sometime in the future

Question 39

Cognitive map

Answer 39

Mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Question 40

Albert Bandura

Answer 40

Studied aggressive observational learning using the Bobo doll experience

Question 41

Albert Bandura

Answer 41

Studied aggressive observational learning using the Bobo doll experience