Chapter 1/ Intro And History

Question 1

Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Survival of the fittest —> natural selection
Evolution results from natural selection

Question 2

Functionalism

Answer 2

Mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environment
Ex., emotions— fear triggered flight or flight
Bodies way to protect yourself
Focuses on practical, real world consequences
Asks: what does the mind do and how?

Question 3

Stream of consciousness

Answer 3

Continually flowing process of consciousness and any attempt to reduce it will distort it (EX., alcohol)
Individual, selective, always changing, continuous, functional

Question 4

Behaviourism

Answer 4

Revolt against consciousness
Classical conditioning= stimulus—> response
Ex., training a dog to eat with a bell

Question 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 5

Reaction times
Putting together sound and movement
Introspection—> examine own conscious experience in attempt breaks down component parts

Question 6

John B Watson

Answer 6

Father of behaviourism
Focused on observable behaviour and ways to bring the behaviour under control

Question 7

What is psychology?

Answer 7

Study of mind and behaviour
- the brain
- the conscious
- personality
- mental health
- reasoning
- memory
- language

Question 8

What is the mind?

Answer 8

Soul and an organ

Question 9

Rationalism

Answer 9

Opinions and actions should be based on knowledge and reason instead of religion and emotion
*how we see the world

Question 10

Nativism

Answer 10

The belief that you’re born with some knowledge

Question 11

Aristotle

Answer 11

Mind must be employed to gain knowledge
Truth can only be known by seeing it with your own eyes

Question 12

Teleology

Answer 12

Everything has a function
It’s there for a reason

Question 13

Entelogy

Answer 13

Keeps an object moving and developing so it can reach its full potential

Question 14

Structuralism

Answer 14

Analyzing the mind by breaking it down to its basic components

Question 15

Zeitgeist

Answer 15

Easy way to understand humans

Question 16

Rene Descartes

Answer 16

Believes we are born with some knowledge- Nativist
Rationalist
Phenomenologist- a person who studies things that exist and can be seen felt taste etc. and how we experience them
Mind = consciousness
Animals don’t have consciousness, free will, or reason

Question 17

William James

Answer 17

Highly contributed to functionalism

Question 18

What is empiricism?

Answer 18

Theory that all knowledge is derived from sense experiences (body)
*How we see the world

Question 19

Reasoning

Answer 19

Process
1. Sensory information (isolated) ex fire hot
2. Common sense (synthesized experience) ex hot bad fire bad
3. Passive Reason( utilization of synthesized experience) ex don’t go near don’t touch
4. Active reasoning (higher part of soul)

Question 20

Edward Titchen

Answer 20

Structuralism- examining basic parts of mind
He believed subject matter of psychology was the conscious experience
E. Married couple recorded feeling and sensations during sex and student feeling and sensations while going to the bathroom

Question 21

Charles Darwin

Answer 21

Survival of the fittest —> Natural selection
Evolution results from Natural selection

Question 22

Functionalism

Answer 22

Study how people have the mental ability to adapt to their environment
Ex. Fear triggers flight or fight and keeps you safe
Focuses on real life consequences
Asks: what does the mind do and how does it do it?

Question 23

Sigmund Freud

Answer 23

• highly influential in psychology
• invented and developed the technique of psychoanalysis (present is shaped by our past)
• Human behaviour is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges
• Id (impulses), Ego (negotiates with Id, pleases the superego), Superego (keeps us on the straight and narrow)

Question 24

Human Psychology

Answer 24

Approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

Question 25

Health Psychology

Answer 25

Focuses on how individual health is directly related to or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
- health/ illness is determined by these factors

Question 26

Social Psychology

Answer 26

How individuals interact and relate with others and how that can affect behaviour
- prejudice (pre-conceived judgements)
- attraction
- interpersonal conflicts
- obedience

Question 27

Personality Psychology

Answer 27

• Focuses on behaviours and thought patterns that are unique to the individual
• Studies include conscious and unconscious thinking and identifying personality traits

Question 28

Developmental Psychology

Answer 28

• Studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturing
• Various skills that are acquired throughout growth
  -moral reasoning, cognitive skills, social skills

Question 29

Carl Rogers

Answer 29

• Humanism
• developed a therapy method —> patient takes the lead
• believes therapists need: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

Question 30

Abraham Maslow

Answer 30

• proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behaviour
• as long as basic needs are met, higher level needs will begin to motivate behaviour