Chapter 3- Biopsychology

Question 1

Heritability

Answer 1

Measure of difference in peoples genes and personality traits

Question 2

Genotype

Answer 2

Refers to the genetic makeup of an individual based on the genetic material inherited from ones parents

Question 3

Punnet square

Answer 3

• a tool used to predict how genes will interact in the production of offspring
• B = dominant allele
• b = recessive allele

Question 4

Phenotype

Answer 4

Describes an individuals observable characteristics such as hair colour, skin colour, height and build

Question 5

Mutations

Answer 5

• sudden permanent change in a gene
• many are harmful but some can be beneficial

Question 6

Heterozygous

Answer 6

Consisting of two different alleles (Aa)

Question 7

Dominant alleles

Answer 7

Possession will ALWAYS result in in expression of that phenotype

Question 8

Recessive allele

Answer 8

Phenotype will only be physically expressed if the person inherited one from both parents

Question 9

Homozygous

Answer 9

Consisting of two identical alleles

Question 10

Polygenic

Answer 10

• controlled by more than just one gene
• what majority of inheritable traits are

Question 11

The endocrine system

Answer 11

• series of glands that produce hormones to regulate normal body functions
• pituitary gland (master gland)
• thyroid (regulates growth, metabolism, and appetite)
• gonad (sex hormones)
• adrenal ( stress response)
• pancreas (blood sugar)

Question 12

Brain plasticity

Answer 12

• ability of nervous system to change its activity in response to stimuli
  Ex., learning a new language

Question 13

Mirror neurons

Answer 13

• activated when an organism engages in a behaviour or observes another engaged in that behaviour
  -“mirrors” the actions and behaviours of others

Question 14

Frontal cerebral lobes

Answer 14

Planning, judgement, memory, reasoning, abstract thinking, movement (motor cortex)

Question 15

Temporal cerebral lobes

Answer 15

Hearing, language (auditory cortex)

Question 16

Parietal cerebral lobes

Answer 16

Information about touch (sensory cortex)

Question 17

Occipital cerebral lobes

Answer 17

Visual information (visual cortex)

Question 18

Pierre flourens

Answer 18

• Ablation: mind is in the brain and not in the heart
• Extirpation: systematically destroyed parts of the brain to see the consequences

Question 19

Phrenology

Answer 19

• involves measurements of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits
• shape of persons head revealed intelligence and emotional character

Question 20

Hippocampus

Answer 20

Responsible for memories

Question 21

Amygdala

Answer 21

• helps us stay alive (on alert)
  -fear, punishment or reward
  Left side = positive and negative emotions
  Right side = more negative emotions

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

• manages body temp, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep
• keeps body in homeostasis

Question 23

Forebrain

Answer 23

Limbic system: hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
Cerebral cortex - integrates info, helps you plan, more social

Question 24

Midbrain

Answer 24

• dopamine production
• associated with mood, reward and addiction
• gives you an understanding of yourself in an environment

Question 25

Hindbrain

Answer 25

Heart rate, circulation, respiration, motor skills, sleep, wakefulness, arousal - involves all parts that if damaged will kill you

Question 26

Corpus callosum

Answer 26

-connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

Question 27

Gyri

Answer 27

Brain is crumpled together causing bumps called gyro

Question 28

Lateralization

Answer 28

Concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions Left controls right and right controls left

Question 29

Dendrite

Answer 29

- receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body - 1/3 parts of a neuron

Question 30

Cell body

Answer 30

- coordinates information, processing tasks and keeps the cell alive - 1/3 parts of a neuron

Question 31

Axon

Answer 31

Transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands

Question 32

Electrochemical actions

Answer 32

Communication of information within and between neurons - conduction - transmission

Question 33

What is the nervous system made up of?

Answer 33

- glial cells - neurons

Question 34

Golgi stained neurons

Answer 34

Used to highlight the appearance of neurons - each neuron composed of a body with many threads extending outward toward other neurons - threads of each neuron do not actually touch other neurons

Question 35

Luigi Galvani

Answer 35

- nerve impulses were electrical in nature - galvanic skin conductance

Question 36

Early reflex action theory

Answer 36

- nerves and muscles compared to pipes and levers - external object can illicit an involuntary response - reflex action did not require the mind - precursor to stimulus —> response (behaviourism)

Question 37

Epigenetics

Answer 37

- study of gene environment interactions such as how the same genotype leads to differently phenotypes

Question 38

Genetic environmental correlation

Answer 38

Asserts our genes affect our environment and our environment influences the expression of our genes

Question 39

Range of reaction

Answer 39

- asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

Question 40

Action potential

Answer 40

Electric signal that is conducted along a neurons axon to a synapse

Question 41

Gene

Answer 41

Sections on strands of DNA organized into chromosomes

Question 42

The synapse

Answer 42

Junction between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon or cell body of another

Question 43

Chromosomes

Answer 43

Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double - helix configuration