Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

KT: Acquisition

Answer 1

initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a natural stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

KT: Associative Learning

Answer 2

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 3

KT: Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

involves unconscious processes

Question 4

KT: Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

involves conscious processes

Question 5

KT: Extinction

Answer 5

decrease in conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with conditioned stimulus

Question 6

KT: Instinct

Answer 6

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation and change of seasons

Question 7

KT: Latent Learning

Answer 7

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 8

KT: Learning

Answer 8

relatively permanent change in behavior/ knowledge that results from experience

Question 9

KT: Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 10

KT: Primary Reinforcer

Answer 10

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities

Question 11

KT: Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 11

no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

Question 12

KT: Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 12

no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

Question 13

KT: Reflex

Answer 13

motor / neural reaction to a specific stimulus in environment

Question 14

KT: Reinforcement

Answer 14

increasing a behavior

Question 15

KT: Punishment

Answer 15

decreasing a behavior

Question 16

KT: Shaping

Answer 16

rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior

Question 17

KT: Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 17

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 18

KT: Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 18

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 19

KT: Stimulus Generalization

Answer 19

when an organism demonstrates conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 20

KT: Vicarious Punishment

Answer 20

when an organism observes the model being punished and thus you’re less motivated to copy

Question 21

KT: Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 21

organism sees model is reinforced for behavior, therefore you’re motivated to copy

Question 22

KT: Observational Learning

Answer 22

process of watching others & imitating what they do

Question 23

KT: Learning

Answer 23

relatively permanent change in behavior/ knowledge that results from experience

Question 24

How are learned behaviors different from instincts and reflexes?

Answer 24

learned behaviors are acquired from experience vs instincts from evolution and reflexes as subconscious reaction to protect the body

Question 25

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 25

unconscious vs. conscious process

Question 26

What is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 26

primary reinforcers aren't learned whereas secondary reinforcers have learned social value d

Question 27

What is the difference between stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization?

Answer 27

Stimulus discrimination is the process that an organism goes through to learn what response is appropriate for various similar stimuli whereas Stimulus generalization is the demonstration of a response that was conditioned for a similar conditioned stimulus

Question 28

What is the difference between punishment and vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 28

vicarious punishment discourages/ de-motivates copying behavior whereas vicarious reinforcement encourages/ motivates copying behavior

Question 29

What are the recognizable factors of classical conditioning?

Answer 29

--study is focused on what can be seen and measured (behaviors); "If one stimulus triggers a reflex, can we train a different stimulus to trigger same reflex?" --has a gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response

Question 30

What are the recognizable factors of operant conditioning?

Answer 30

organisms learn to associate a behavior with it's consequence using reinforcement or punishment (positive or negative)

Question 31

What are the recognizable factors of observational learning?

Answer 31

an organism watches others and imitates what they do - can be either live ( person does something in front of you and you mimic), verbal ( person gives you instructions of how to do something and you carry out the instructions) or symbolic ( books, movies, TV, video games, internet...)

Question 32

How does classical conditioning occur?

Answer 32

1. Acquisition: organism learns to connect NS and US, NS begins to elicit CS and eventually NS becomes CS capable of eliciting CR by itself 2. Taste Aversion: Eat Indian food, several hours later you end up sick to your stomach, you consciously associate sickness with Indian food, you feel sick the next time you smell Indian food

Question 33

What is the process of acquisition?

Answer 33

1. organism learns to connect Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned stimulus 2. Neutral stimulus begins to elicit conditioned response 3. eventually Neutral Stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus that elicits conditioned response by itself

Question 34

What is the process of extinction?

Answer 34

the process in which a decrease in the conditioned response happens when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with conditioned stimulus

Question 35

What is the process of spontaneous recovery?

Answer 35

when after a rest period, there is a return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Question 36

What is the process of generalization?

Answer 36

when an organism demonstrates a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus (the more similar a stimulus is to a condition stimulus, the more likely the organism is to give the conditioned response)

Question 37

What is the process of discrimination?

Answer 37

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 38

What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

Answer 38

in positive reinforcement, something is added to INCREASE the likelihood of desired behavior (Dog is given a treat when they sit at the front door) in negative reinforcement, something is added to DECREASE likelihood of undesired behavior ( Dog is given a treat when they don't jump at the front door)

Question 39

What are the steps in the modeling process?

Answer 39

1. Attention ( organism has to be paying attention) 2. Retention ( organism has to be able to remember what was observed) 3. Reproduction ( organism has to be able to perform observed behavior ) 4. Motivation ( organism must have motivation to carry out the behavior)

Question 40

What are the prosocial effects of observational learning?

Answer 40

Can be used to encourage socially acceptable behavior

Question 41

What are the antisocial effects of observational learning?

Answer 41

can pick up negative behaviors, attitudes, etc.