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Psych 201 > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

KT: Acquisition

A

initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a natural stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

KT: Associative Learning

A

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

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3
Q

KT: Classical Conditioning

A

involves unconscious processes

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4
Q

KT: Operant Conditioning

A

involves conscious processes

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5
Q

KT: Extinction

A

decrease in conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

KT: Instinct

A

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation and change of seasons

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7
Q

KT: Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

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8
Q

KT: Learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior/ knowledge that results from experience

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9
Q

KT: Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

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10
Q

KT: Primary Reinforcer

A

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities

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11
Q

KT: Secondary Reinforcer

A

no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

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12
Q

KT: Secondary Reinforcer

A

no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

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13
Q

KT: Reflex

A

motor / neural reaction to a specific stimulus in environment

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14
Q

KT: Reinforcement

A

increasing a behavior

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15
Q

KT: Punishment

A

decreasing a behavior

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16
Q

KT: Shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior

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17
Q

KT: Spontaneous Recovery

A

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

18
Q

KT: Stimulus Discrimination

A

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

19
Q

KT: Stimulus Generalization

A

when an organism demonstrates conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

20
Q

KT: Vicarious Punishment

A

when an organism observes the model being punished and thus you’re less motivated to copy

21
Q

KT: Vicarious Reinforcement

A

organism sees model is reinforced for behavior, therefore you’re motivated to copy

22
Q

KT: Observational Learning

A

process of watching others & imitating what they do

23
Q

KT: Learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior/ knowledge that results from experience

24
Q

How are learned behaviors different from instincts and reflexes?

A

learned behaviors are acquired from experience vs instincts from evolution and reflexes as subconscious reaction to protect the body

25
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

unconscious vs. conscious process

26
Q

What is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer?

A

primary reinforcers aren’t learned whereas secondary reinforcers have learned social value d

27
Q

What is the difference between stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization?

A

Stimulus discrimination is the process that an organism goes through to learn what response is appropriate for various similar stimuli whereas
Stimulus generalization is the demonstration of a response that was conditioned for a similar conditioned stimulus

28
Q

What is the difference between punishment and vicarious reinforcement?

A

vicarious punishment discourages/ de-motivates copying behavior whereas vicarious reinforcement encourages/ motivates copying behavior

29
Q

What are the recognizable factors of classical conditioning?

A

–study is focused on what can be seen and measured (behaviors);
“If one stimulus triggers a reflex, can we train a different stimulus to trigger same reflex?”
–has a gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response

30
Q

What are the recognizable factors of operant conditioning?

A

organisms learn to associate a behavior with it’s consequence using reinforcement or punishment (positive or negative)

31
Q

What are the recognizable factors of observational learning?

A

an organism watches others and imitates what they do
- can be either live ( person does something in front of you and you mimic), verbal ( person gives you instructions of how to do something and you carry out the instructions) or symbolic ( books, movies, TV, video games, internet…)

32
Q

How does classical conditioning occur?

A
  1. Acquisition: organism learns to connect NS and US, NS begins to elicit CS and eventually NS becomes CS capable of eliciting CR by itself
  2. Taste Aversion: Eat Indian food, several hours later you end up sick to your stomach, you consciously associate sickness with Indian food, you feel sick the next time you smell Indian food
33
Q

What is the process of acquisition?

A
  1. organism learns to connect Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned stimulus
  2. Neutral stimulus begins to elicit conditioned response
  3. eventually Neutral Stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus that elicits conditioned response by itself
34
Q

What is the process of extinction?

A

the process in which a decrease in the conditioned response happens when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with conditioned stimulus

35
Q

What is the process of spontaneous recovery?

A

when after a rest period, there is a return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

36
Q

What is the process of generalization?

A

when an organism demonstrates a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus (the more similar a stimulus is to a condition stimulus, the more likely the organism is to give the conditioned response)

37
Q

What is the process of discrimination?

A

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

38
Q

What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

A

in positive reinforcement, something is added to INCREASE the likelihood of desired behavior
(Dog is given a treat when they sit at the front door)
in negative reinforcement, something is added to DECREASE likelihood of undesired behavior
( Dog is given a treat when they don’t jump at the front door)

39
Q

What are the steps in the modeling process?

A
  1. Attention ( organism has to be paying attention)
  2. Retention ( organism has to be able to remember what was observed)
  3. Reproduction ( organism has to be able to perform observed behavior )
  4. Motivation ( organism must have motivation to carry out the behavior)
40
Q

What are the prosocial effects of observational learning?

A

Can be used to encourage socially acceptable behavior

41
Q

What are the antisocial effects of observational learning?

A

can pick up negative behaviors, attitudes, etc.

Psych 201 (5 decks)

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