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Psych 201 > Ch. 3 Biopsychology > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

KT: Action Potential

A

electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon

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2
Q

KT: Adrenal Gland

A
  • atop kidneys

- secretes hormones involved in stress response

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3
Q

KT: Agonist

A

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

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4
Q

KT: All-or-None

A

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation

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5
Q

KT: Allele

A

specific version of a gene

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6
Q

KT: Amygdala

A
  • structure in limbic sytem

- -involved in experience of emotion & tying emotional meaning to memories

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7
Q

KT: Antagonist

A

drug that blocks/ impedes normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

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8
Q

KT: Auditory Cortex

A

strip of cortex in temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory info

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9
Q

KT: Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls internal organs & glands

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10
Q

KT: Axon

A

major extension of the soma

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11
Q

KT: Biological Perspective

A

view that psychological disorders (i.e. depression/schizophrenia) are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

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12
Q

KT: Broca’s Area

A

region in left hemisphere that is essential for language production

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13
Q

KT: Central Nervous System

A

brain & spinal cord

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14
Q

KT: Cerebellum

A
  • hindbrain structure
    • controls balance, coordination, movement, motor skills
  • -important in processing some types of memory
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15
Q

KT: Cerebral Cortex

A
  • surface of brain

- - associated with highest mental capabilities

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16
Q

KT: Chromosome

A

long strand of genetic information

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17
Q

KT: Computerized Tomography Scan (CT-Scan)

A

imaging technique in which a computer coordinates & integrates multiple x-rays of given area

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18
Q

KT: Corpus Callosum

A

thick band of neural fibers connecting brain’s two hemispheres

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19
Q

KT: Dendrite

A

branch-like extension of soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

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20
Q

KT: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs

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21
Q

KT: Diabetes

A

disease related to insufficient insulin production

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22
Q

KT: Dominant Allele

A

allele whose phenotype (presentation) will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele

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23
Q

KT: Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording electrical activity of brain via electrodes on scalp

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24
Q

KT: Endocrine System

A

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

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25
KT: Epigenetics
study of gene-environment interactions (ie- how same genotype leads to different phenotypes)
26
KT: Fight or Flight Response
activation of sympathetic division of ANS allowing access to energy reserves & heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety
27
KT: Forebrain
largest part of brain, containing cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system and other structures
28
KT: Fraternal Twins
twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm so genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings
29
KT: Frontal Lobe
- part of cerebral cortex, contains motor cortex | - - involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion & language
30
KT: fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time
31
KT: Gene
sequence of DNA that controls/partially controls physical characteristics
32
KT: Genetic Environmental Correlation
view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, environment influences expression of our genes
33
KT: Genotype
genetic makeup of an individual
34
KT: Glial Cell
- nervous system cell - - provides physical & metabolic support to neurons including neuronal insulation & communication, nutrient & waste transport
35
KT: Gonad
secretes sexual hormones that are important for successful reproduction & mediate both sexual motivation and behavior
36
KT: Gyrus/Gyri
bump or ridge on cerebral cortex
37
KT: Hemisphere
left/right half of brain
38
KT: Heterozygous
consisting of two different alleles
39
KT: Hindbrain
division of brain containing medulla, pons, cerebellum
40
KT: Hippocampus
structure in temporal lobe associated with learning & memory
41
KT: Homeostasis
equilibrium; optimum levels of biological conditions
42
KT: Homozygous
consisting of two identical alleles
43
KT: Hormone
chemical messenger released by endocrine glands
44
KT: Hypothalamus
- forebrain structure - -regulates sexual motivation & behavior & homeostatic processes - -serves as interface between nervous system & endocrine system
45
KT: Identical Twins
twins that develop from same sperm & egg
46
KT: Lateralization
concept that each hemisphere of brain is associated with specialized functions
47
KT: Limbic System
collection of structures involved in processing emotion & memory
48
KT: Longitudinal Fissure
deep groove in brain's cortex
49
KT: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
magnetic fields used to produce picture of tissue being imaged
50
KT: Medulla
hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, heart rate
51
KT: Membrane Potential
difference in charge across neuronal membrane
52
KT: Midbrain
located between forebrain & hindbrain | -- contains reticular formation
53
KT: Motor Cortex
strip of cortex | --planning & coordinating movement
54
KT: Mutation
sudden, permanent change in gene
55
KT: Myelin Sheath
fatty substance that insulates axons
56
KT: Neuron
cells in nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, essential for all tasks of nervous system
57
KT: Neuroplasticity
nervous system's ability to change
58
KT: Neurotransmitter
chemical messenger of nervous system
59
KT: Nodes of Ranvier
open spaces found in myelin sheath that encases the axon
60
KT: Occipital Lobe
part of cerebral cortex, containing primary visual cortex | -- visual processing,
61
KT: Pancreas
secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar
62
KT: Parasympathetic Nervous System
routine, day-to-day operations of body
63
KT: Parietal Lobe
- part of cerebral cortex, containing primary somatosensory cortex - --processing various sensory & perceptual information
64
KT: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
connects brain & spinal cord to muscles, organs, senses in periphery of body
65
KT: Phenotype
individual's inheritable physical characteristics
66
KT: Pituitary Gland
secretes hormones that regulate fluid levels and direct activity of other glands in endocrine system
67
KT: Polygenic
multiple genes affecting given trait
68
KT: Pons
hindbrain structure, connects brain to spinal cord | -- regulates brain activity during sleep
69
KT: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
injecting individuals with mildly radioactive substance & monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of brain
70
KT: Prefrontal Cortex
area in frontal lobe | -- higher-level cognitive functioning
71
KT: Psychotropic Medication
treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
72
KT: Range of Reaction
asserts our genes set boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with genes to determine where in range we will fall
73
KT: Receptor
protein on cell surface where neurotransmitters attach
74
KT: Recessive Allele
phenotype will be expressed only if individual is homozygous for that allele
75
KT: Resting Potential
state of readiness of neuron membrane's potential between signals
76
KT: Reticular Formation
midbrain structure | - regulates sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness & motor activity
77
KT: Reuptake
neurotransmitter is pumped back into neuron that released it
78
KT: Semipermeable Membrane
allows smaller molecules/molecules without electrical charge to pass through it while stopping larger/highly charged molecules
79
KT: Soma
cell body
80
KT: Somatic Nervous System
relays sensory & motor info to and from CNS
81
KT: Somatosensory Cortex
-processing sensory information from across body
82
KT: Substantia Nigra
midbrain structure - dopamine produced - control of movement
83
KT: Sulcus/Sulci
depressions/grooves in cerebral cortex
84
KT: Sympathetic Nervous System
stress-related activities & functions
85
KT: Synaptic Cleft
small gap between two neurons where communication occurs
86
KT: Synaptic Vesicle
storage site for neurotransmitters
87
KT: Temporal Lobe
part of cerebral cortex containing primary auditory cortex | --- hearing, memory , emotion aspects of language
88
KT:Terminal Button
axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles
89
KT: Thalamus
sensory relay for brain
90
KT: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
the organisms that are better suited for environments will survive and reproduce compared to other poorly suited for the enviornemtn
91
KT: Threshold of Excitation
level of charge in membrane that causes neuron to become active
92
KT: Thyroid
secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism & appetite
93
KT: Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
midbrain structure - - dopamine produced - -associated with mood, reward & addiction
94
KT: Wernicke's Area
important for speech comprehension

Psych 201 (5 decks)

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