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Psychology > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus.

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2
Q

Who pioneered Classical Conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov, got dogs to salivate when a tone was presented

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3
Q

What is the main purpose of classical conditioning?

A

regulates involuntary, reflexive responses.

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4
Q

What are some examples for Classical Conditioning?

A

emotional responses, such as fears and physiological responses such as immunosuppression and sexual arousal.

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5
Q

Responses controlled through classical conditioning are said to?

A

be elicited

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6
Q

Classical Conditioning begins with?

A
  • unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)
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7
Q

What is it called before any stimulus is added?

A

Neutral Stimulus

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8
Q

What happens when the NS is paired with the UCS?

A

it becomes a CS that elicits a conditioned response (CR)

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9
Q

What occurs when the CS and UCS are paired, gradually resulting in a CR?

A

Acquisition

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10
Q

What does Acquisition mean?

A

Acquisition is a formation of a conditioned response tendency.

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11
Q

What occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented alone until it no longer elicits a CR?

A

Extinction

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12
Q

What does extinction mean?

A

is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response tendency.

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13
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS.

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14
Q

What is generalization?

A

occurs when an organism responds to new stimuli besides the original stimulus.

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15
Q

When a CR is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS, as in Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert.

A

Generalization

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16
Q

When a CR is not elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS.

A

Discrimination

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17
Q

What is discrimination?

A

occurs when an organism does not respond to other stimuli that resemble the original stimulus.

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18
Q

What is High-order Conditioning?

A

occurs when a CS functions as if it were a US.

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19
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

20
Q

Who pioneered operant conditioning?

A

B.F Skinner, who showed rats and pigeons tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable outcomes.

21
Q

What does Operant Conditioning mainly do?

A

regulates voluntary, spontaneous responses.

22
Q

What are some examples of Operant Conditioning?

A

studying, going to work, telling jokes, asking someone out, and gambling.

23
Q

When does reinforcement occur?

A

When an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.

24
Q

Responses controlled through operant conditioning are said to be?

A

emitted

25
Q

What is a Skinner box?

A

demonstrations of O.C typically occur in a skinner box, where an animals reinforcement is controlled.

26
Q

What key dependents variables is the animals response rate?

A

monitored by a cumulative recorder, with results portrayed in graphs.

27
Q

What is Acquisition in Operant Conditioning?

A

occurs when a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement.

28
Q

Acquisition may involve shaping?

A

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response.

29
Q

When does extinction occur in O.C?

A

when responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated.

30
Q

When does generalization happen in O.C?

A

occurs when responding increases in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus.

31
Q

When does discrimination occur in O.C?

A

occurs when responding does not increase in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus.

32
Q

What is the primary reinforcers?

A

inherently reinforcing, whereas secondary reinforcers develop through learning.

33
Q

When does intermittent reinforcement occur?

A

When a response is reinforced only some of the time.

34
Q

What is the ratio schedules?

A

the reinforcer is given after a Fixed Response (FR) or Variable (VR) number of nonreinforced responses.

35
Q

What is in interval schedules?

A

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed (FI) or variable (VI) time interval has elapsed.

36
Q

What tend to lead to higher response rates?

A

Ratio schedules (FR and VR)

37
Q

What tends to yield more resistance to extinction?

A

Variable Schedules (VR and VI)

38
Q

When does positive reinforcement occur?

A

when a response is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

39
Q

When does a Negative reinforcement occur?

A

When a response is followed by the removal of an aversion stimulus.

40
Q

What are the key roles that play in negative reinforcement?

A

escape learning and avoidance learning

40
Q

What are the key roles that play in negative reinforcement?

A

escape learning and avoidance learning

41
Q

When does punishment occur?

A

When an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

42
Q

What did John Garcia find in recognizing biological constraints on learning?

A

almost impossible to create some associations, whereas conditioned taste aversions are readily acquired in spite of long CS-UCS delays, which he attributed to evolutionary influences.

43
Q

When does preparedness appear?

A

to explain why people acquire phobias to ancient sources of threat much more readily than to modern sources of threat.

44
Q

What did Tolman’s study find?

A

learning can take place in the absence of reinforcement.

45
Q

What did Robert Rescorla show on the process of classical conditioning?

A

the predictive value of a CS.

Psychology (9 decks)

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