Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness Flashcards
What is consciousness?
the awareness of internal and external stimuli
What does mind wandering refer to?
people’s experience of task-unrelated thoughts
What are the 4 types of EEG pattern?
Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta
What is the Beta EEG pattern?
Normal waking thought, alert problem solving
What is the Alpha EEG pattern?
Deep relaxation, blank mind, mediation.
What is the Theta EEG pattern?
Light Sleep
What is the Delta EEG pattern?
Deep Sleep
What are the two biological rhythms?
- Biological Rhythms 2. Circadian rhythms
What is Biological Rhythms? PeFl,PhFu,PlRh
periodic fluctuation in physiological functions tied to planetary rhythms.
What is Circadian Rhythms?
are 24-hour cycles that are influential in the regulation of sleep.
What are internal biological clocks reset by?
by exposure to light, which stimulates the SCN in the hypothalamus
What does EEG stand for?
the electroencephalograph
What does EEG do?
is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time.
What are the nature of your dreams?
- dreams are less exotic than Freud thought
- external stimuli
- culturally view differently
What are the theories of dreaming?
- Freud = dreams is wish fulfillment.
- dreams provide an opportunity to think creatively about personal problems.
- The activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are side effects of the neural activation that produces waking-like brain waves during REM sleep.
What is EOG?
records eye movements
What is Non-REM sleep?
Stages 1-4 - is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.
What is REM sleep?
is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming.
What are the stages of sleep?
- Ordinary sleep – Fast, low-amplitude beta waves
- Relaxed Wakefulness – Rhythmic Alpha waves
- Stage 1 – Small, irregular brain waves
- Stage 2 – Appearance of spindle-shaped waves called sleep spindles.
- Stage 3 and 4 – Appearance of large, slow delta waves
- REM sleep – Similar to ordinary wakefulness
What is slow wave sleep?
consists of sleep stage 3 and 4, during which high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.
What percentage is REM sleep at birth then as a adult?
50% of the time in babies, and only 20% in adults.
What does ARAS stand for?
Ascending Reticular Activating System
What does ARAS mean?
consists of the afferent fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal . * hypothalamus
What are the causes of sleep deprivation?
- North America suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
- have far more negative effects than most people assume.
- Deprivation from REM and slow-wave sleep leads to increased attempts to shift into these stages of sleep and increased time in these stages after sleep deprivation ends.
What are the 7 sleep disorders?
- Insomnia - Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.
- Narcolepsy - sudden, irresistible onsets of sleep during waking hours.
- Nightmares - Anxiety-arousing dreams that leads to awakening, usually from REM sleep.
- Night Terrors - Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep.
- Sleep Apnea - frequent reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep.
- Somnambulism (sleepwalking) - Wandering around while remaining asleep.
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) - potentially troublesome, even violent, dream enactments during REM periods.
What is Hypnosis?
Procedure that produces a heightened state of suggestibility.
What effects happen because of hypnosis?
- variety of effects including anesthesia, sensory distortions, disinhibition, and posthypnotic amnesia.
What are theories of hypnosis?
- produces a normal state of consciousness in which people act out the role of a hypnotized subject.
What is the role-playing in hypnosis?
hypnotic feats can be duplicated by non-hypnotized subjects and that hypnotic subjects are often acting out a role.
According to Ernest Hilgard, what does hypnosis produce?
an altered state of awareness characterized by dissociation.
What is the altered-state view?
divided consciousness is a common experience, as illustrated by highway hypnosis.
What is mediation?
- practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.
What are two main styles of mediation?
- focused attention and open monitoring
What does effective mediation lead to?
- a beneficial physiological state that may be accompanied by changes in brain activity
What may mediation produce?
- alterations in brain structure.
What are the drugs and their altering consciousness?
- Narcotics – Drugs deprived from opium, such as heroin. side effects = nausea. constipation
- Sedatives – Sleep-inducing drugs that decrease CNS activation, such as barbiturates. side effects = emotional swings
- Stimulates – Drugs that increase CNS activation, such as cocaine and amphetamines. side effects = increased blood pressure and heart rate.
- Hallucinogens – Drugs that produce sensory distortions and diverse mental and emotional effects, such as LSD and mescaline. side effects = nausea, and paranoia
- Cannabis – Hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are deprived. side effects = dry mouth, and bloodshot eyes.
- Alcohol – includes a variety of beverages that contain ethyl alcohol. side effects = emotional swings
What do sedatives do to the CNS?
decreases CNS activation and behavioral activity
What does Stimulates do to the CNS?
increase CNS and behavioral activity
What does Hallucinogens do to the functions of your body?
distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
when exposed to light, some receptors in the retina send direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalamus.
