Chapter 6 - Key Terms and Organs Flashcards
orange-yellow pigment formed during the destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces
bilirubin
type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
exocrine
mass of masticated food ready for swallowing
bolus
circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
sphincter
organic compound a true fat that is made of one glycerol and Three fatty acids
triglycerides
the oral cavity is a receptacle for food, it is formed by the cheeks (bucca), lips, teeth, tongue, and hard and soft palates.
mouth
this contains important digestive enzymes that help begin the chemical breakdown of food
saliva
in the mouth, food is broken down mechanically (by the teeth) and chemically (by saliva) and then formed into a
bolus
mechanically breaking down food, done by teeth
mastication
beneath the enamel of the tooth is ____-, the main structure of the tooth
dentin
the innermost part of the tooth, contains nerves and blood vessals
pulp
teeth are embedded in pink fleshy tissue
gums (gingiva)
this assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing
tongue
swallowing
deglutition
rough projections on the surface of the tongue, contain taste buds
papillae
four basic sensations registered by chemical stimulation of the taste buds
sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
hard palate
anterior portion
soft palate
posterior portion
tongue pushes the bolus into the throat
pharynx
bolus is guided to the pharynx by soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure
uvula
a tube of the pharynx that leads to the lungs
trachea
a tube of the pharynx that leads to the stomach
esophagus
a small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus, other times remains upright to allow air to pass
epiglottis
a saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) and serves as a reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion
stomach
terminal portion of the esophagus, composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach, prevents regurgitation
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
the large central portion of the stomach
body
the upper portion of the stomach
fundus
where most digestion takes place in the funnel-shaped terminal portion
pylorus
the interior lining of the stomach is composed of mucous membranes and contains numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds called ____ that gradually unfold as the stomach fills
rugae
semiliquid form that secrets from digestive glands located in the ruga with the mechanical churning of the stomach
chyme
where chyme slowly leaves the stomach through
pyloric sphincter
food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions called
peristalsis
small intestine is approximately __ feet long, beings at the pyloric sphincter, ends at the large intestine
20
uppermost segment of SI, around 10 inches long
duodenum
SI part that 8 feet long
jejunum
SI part the is 12 feet long
ileum
nutrient in chyme is absorbed through microscopic, finger-like projections called
villi
located at the terminal end of the SI, the sphincter muscle that allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the SI to pass into the LI
ileocecal valve
large intestine is around _ feet long, begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus
5
small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve
cecum
projecting downward from the cecum, small structure with no apparent function
appendix
the functions of this organ are to absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material, divided into 4 portions
colon
1st part of the colon that extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver
ascending colon
part of colon between ascending and transverse
hepatic flexure
the colon continues across the abdomen to the left side, curving beneath the lower end of the spleen
transverse colon
part of colon that forms from the transverse colon
splenic flexure
transverse colon turns downward
descending colon
descending colon contunues until if froms
sigmoid colon
end of the colon
rectum
end of the rectum
anus
organ that produces bile which aids in the digestion of fat
liver
as an ________ gland, the pancreas secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels
endocrine
