Chapter 5 - Oncology and Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures Flashcards
abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant
neoplasms
noncancerous growths are composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing
benign neoplasms
cancerous growths that are composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis)
malignant neoplasms
newer treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells, also called biotherapy
immunotherapy
people who grade and stage tumors to help in diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a possible prognosis, and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used
pathologists
tumor grade I (tumor cells well differentiated)
close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some specialized functions
tumor grade II (tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated)
less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in size and shape of tumor cells, increased misoses
tumor grade III (tumor cells poorly differentiated)
increased abnormality in appearance, with only remote resemblance to the tissue of origin, marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells, greatly increased mitoses
tumor grade IV (tumor cells very poorly differentiated)
abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor’s tissue origin is difficult, extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells
tumor, node, metastasis system
most common system used for staging tumors
size and invasiveness of the primary tumor
T
are lymph nodes involved
N
invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor
M
the most common type of skin cancer is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles
basal cell carcinoma
(tumor) primary tumor that cannot be evaluated
TX
(tumor) no evidence of tumor
T0
(tumor) stage I, carcinoma in situ which indicated that the tumor is in a defined location and shows no indication of surrounding tissues
Tis
(tumor) stage II, primary tumor size and extent of local invasion
T1, T2, T3, T4
(node) regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated
NX
(node) regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities
N0
(node) stage III, degree of lymph nodes involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes
N1, N2, N3, N4
(metastasis) distant metastasis that can not be evaluated
MX
(metastasis) no evidence of metastasis
M0
(metastasis) stage IV, presence of metastasis
M1
an invasive tumor that arises from the skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells
squamous cell carcinoma
type of squamous cell carcinoma that are confines to the original site
in situ
type of squamous cell carcinoma that penetrated the surrounding tissue
invasive
malignant growth of melanocytes
malignant melanoma
any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient;s sensitivity to it
allergy skin test
skin test that identifies suspected allergens y subcutaneously injecting a small amount of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for subsequent reaction
intradermal
skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by apply a suspected allergen to a patch and observing the area for 24 hours
patch
skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin
scratch
laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds
culture and sensitivity
representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination
biopsy
ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
frozen section
removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
needle
removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch
punch
removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade
shave
procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only caner-free tissue remains
Mohs
transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site
skin graft
transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person
allograft
transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site of the same individual
autograft
transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fiber arranged in a lattice pattern
synthetic
transplantation from a foreign donor and transferred to a human
xenograft
chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general kertoses
chemical peel
use of subfreezing temperature to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, of infected tissue
cryosurgery
removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
debridement
rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis
dermabrasion
tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current
fulguration
procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroy the cells
photodynamic therapy
