Chapter 6: Key Terms

Question 0

The conversion of pyruvate from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

Answer 0

Alcohol Fermentation

Question 1

The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA

Question 2

A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport
chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP

Answer 2

ATP synthase

Question 3

The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

Answer 3

Cellular Respiration

Question 4

Energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells

Answer 4

Chemiosmosis

Question 5

The metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the citric acid cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains. The second major stage of cellular respiration

Answer 5

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 6

A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

Answer 6

Electron Transport Chain

Question 7

The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid

Answer 7

Glycolysis

Question 8

The compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis

Answer 8

Intermediates

Question 9

A quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a “Calorie.”

Answer 9

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Question 10

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide

Answer 10

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 11

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction

Answer 11

Oxidation

Question 12

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

Answer 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 13

Short for oxidation-reduction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together

Answer 13

Redox Reaction

Question 14

The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation

Answer 14

Reduction

Question 15

The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle)

Answer 15

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation