75% Questions Flashcards
What is the human body’s ph
Between 7.35 and 7.45
What a hydrogen bond is and what it does especially in water
A hydrogen bond is a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. It forms four bonds with other water molecules.
of electrons in different shells
1 K 2 2 L 8 3 M 18 4 N 32 5 O 50 6 P 72 Formula= 2x•x so if shell 3, (3•2)•3= 6•3= 18
Differences between ionic and covalent bonds
Ionic bonding- atoms transfer electrons to each other. Ionic bonds require at least one electron donor and one electron acceptor.
Covalent bonding- only atoms that have the same electronegativity share electrons in covalent bonds
Difference between Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic accepts water, hydrophobic rejects it
names of all the functional groups
Phosphate (PO4), Amino (NH2), Methyl (CH3), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (COOH), Thiol (SH)
pH values mean and what is most acidic and least
0-14, 0 most acidic and 14 least acidic (Most Basic), 7 is neutral. Battery acid is the most acidic and Oven cleaner is the least acidic(Most Basic).
primary,secondary,tertiary structures of amino acid
The primary is its unique amino acid sequence
The secondary is results of piling/folding of polypeptide. Coiling is called Alpha Helix, Coiling and folding is caused by hydrogen bonds
The tertiary is the overall 3-D shape of polypeptide.
A process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state
Denaturation
Main component of cell membranes
Phospholipids
The difference between hydrolysis and condensation reactions
Hydrolosis splits condensation joins
What makes and organic compound
Carbon
Carbohydrate storage in animals and plants
In plants it’s starch and in animals it is glycogen. Glycogen is mainly found in the liver, starch is the main source of energy for a plant, it is found all over the plant.
Difference between unsaturated and saturated fats
Saturated is solid at room Temp. And consists of single bonds,
Unsaturated is liquid at room Temp. And consists of at least one double bond
A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O).
Peptide bond
Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Questions on the egg lab, where the water moves?
Osmosis causes the water to leave the cell. The egg gained volume from being in the water (hypotonic), the water inflated the egg and then when it was placed in the corn syrup it was deflated and the water exited the egg(hypertonic).
A type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins.
Facilitated diffusion
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy (ATP)
Active transport
Different Redox reactions
Oxidation occurs when a reactant loses electrons during the reaction. Reduction occurs when a reactant gains electrons during the reaction
coenzymes, what has to do with it
A coenzyme is a substance that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme.
Laws of thermodynamics
First Law- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
Second Law- When energy is transferred, there will be less energy available at the end of the transfer process than at the beginning
What do enzymes do
They break the starches and disacherides into monosachs. Enzymes are biological catalysts that are composed of proteins. They function to speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction.
The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Activation energy
A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Active cite
The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active.
Allosteric site
A cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited when that substance has accumulated to a certain level, thereby balancing the amount provided with the amount needed.
Feedback inhibitor
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP
- Pyruvate accepts H+ from e- from NADH to regenerate NAD+
- Lactate (lactic acid) waste is made
This kind of fermentation is used in muscles for short, intense energy bursts
Lactate Fermentation
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP
- Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde
- Acetaldehyde accepts H+ and e- to regenerate NAD+
- Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and CO2 waste is produced
Alcohol Fermentation
It is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.
Anaerobic reaction
It has four parts: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.
Aerobic reaction
It is a chemical process where the ions are diffused in and out of the membrane. It generates ATP - movement of hydrogen across the membrane.
Chemiosmosis
A metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.
Calvin cycle
The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
Krebs cycle
These plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to limit water loss. In doing this, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf air space falls, which causes the Calvin cycle to slow down
C3 plants
These plants open their stomata during the day. In These plants, carbon dioxide is added to a 3-carbon compound, known as PEP, with the aid of PEP carboxylase, which has a high affinity for carbon dioxide.
C4 plants
These plants open their stomata during the night. They perform the reverse of regular plants for photosynthesis.
CAM plants
This takes place in the thylakoid discs. There, water (H20) is oxidized, and oxygen (O2) is released. The electrons freed up from water are transfered to ATP and NADPH.
Light reactions
This occurs outside of the thylakoids (in stomata). In this reaction, the energy from ATP and NADPH are used to fix carbon dioxide (CO2). The products of this reaction are sugar molecules and other organic molecules necessary for cell function and metabolism.
Dark reaction
It is the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds during photosynthesis
Carbon fixation
Plant organelles involved in photosynthesis
Chloroplast
