Chapter 5: Key Terms Part 2

Question 0

A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules

Answer 0

Fluid Mosaic

Question 1

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 2

Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form

Answer 2

Heat

Question 3

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water

Answer 3

Hypertonic Solution

Question 4

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water

Answer 4

Hypotonic Solution

Question 5

The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, induced by entry of the substrate so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

Answer 5

Induced Fit

Question 6

A solution having the same solute concentration as another solution, thus having no effect on passage of water in or out of the cell

Answer 6

Isotonic Solution

Question 7

The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter

Answer 7

Kinetic Energy

Question 8

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Answer 8

Metabolism

Question 9

A substance that impedes the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer functions

Answer 9

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Question 10

Method by which organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water

Answer 10

Osmoregulation

Question 11

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 11

Osmosis

Question 12

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, without any input of energy

Answer 12

Passive Transport

Question 13

Cellular “eating”; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm

Answer 13

Phagocytosis

Question 14

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation

Answer 14

Phosphorylation

Question 15

Cellular “drinking”; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles

Answer 15

Pinocytosis

Question 16

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy

Answer 16

Potential Energy

Question 17

mediated endocytosis- The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in

Answer 17

Receptor

Question 18

The principle whereby every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat

Answer 18

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 19

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of other substances altogether

Answer 19

Selective Permeability

Question 20

1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives

Answer 20

Substrate

Question 21

The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics

Answer 21

Thermodynamics

Question 22

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water

Answer 22

Tonicity