Chapter 6 Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Learning Disorders Flashcards
Cognitive development
The developmental course of internal mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and concept formation.
Intellectual development
The general emergence of intellectual functioning, including specific patterns of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning, resulting in individual differences.
Intellectual developmental disorder
A developmental disorder reflecting significant deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning.
Intellectual functioning
A reflection of an individual’s cognitive ability, including everyday and academic problem-solving abilities.
Adaptive behavior
A reflection of an individual’s ability to manage daily living tasks, including self-care and household tasks.
Behavioral phenotypes
The outwardly observable behaviors (such as physical characteristics, cognitive and linguistic profiles, perceptual skills and deficits, socioemotional patterns, and overall outcomes) associated with an underlying genetic condition. Hypotheses about the links between genotypes and phenotypes must be investigated carefully.
Down syndrome
A developmental disorder that is caused by an extra chromosome 21 (i.e., trisomy 21) and is among the most widely known genetically influenced forms of intellectual developmental disorder. Accompanying physical characteristics including distinctive facial features, heart problems, and poor muscle tone. Intellectual challenges almost always involve language difficulties; socioemotional functioning is often characterized by positive affect and extraversion.
Williams syndrome
A developmental disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7, characterized by deficits in general cognitive function and visual–spatial skills and relative strengths in the language and music domains.
Fragile X syndrome
A developmental disorder caused by a mutation on the FMR1 gene, fragile X syndrome is the most common type of inherited MR in boys, affecting 1 in 4,000 boys and 1 in 8,000 girls. Cognitive and language difficulties, as well as behavioral problems, are important features of the fragile X profile.
Specific learning disorder
A disorder characterized by unexpected underachievement in reading, written expression, and mathematics.
Individualized education plan (IEP)
An educational plan designed for students with learning disabilities to improve specific academic skills and cognitive deficits.
