Chapter 14 Substance-Related Disorders and Transition to Adult Disorders

Question 1

Incentive motivation

Answer 1

Observed when individuals seek out experiences in pursuit of reward or positive reinforcement.

Question 2

Tolerance

Answer 2

Occurs when the central nervous system (CNS) gradually becomes less responsive to stimulation by particular drugs; individuals then need to ingest higher and higher doses to achieve the same CNS effects.

Question 3

Physical dependence

Answer 3

Susceptibility to withdrawal symptoms; occurs only in combination with tolerance.

Question 4

Withdrawal symptoms

Answer 4

Noxious physical and psychological effects caused by reduction or cessation of substance intake (e.g., sleep disturbances, headaches, nausea and vomiting, tremors and restlessness, anxiety and depression); these symptoms can range from relatively mild to life threatening.

Question 5

Psychological dependence

Answer 5

A craving or compulsion to use a substance despite significant harm.

Question 6

Addiction

Answer 6

A disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and abuse, accompanied by neurophysiological changes.

Question 7

Binge drinking

Answer 7

Heavy consumption of alcohol in a relatively short period of time, with the primary intention of becoming intoxicated.

Question 8

Gateway hypothesis

Answer 8

A stage theory of drug involvement that proposes that the use of alcohol or marijuana acts as a gateway to the use of “harder” drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamines.

Question 9

Common liability to addiction model

Answer 9

An alternative to the gateway hypothesis of drug use, it assumes that there is a nonspecific propensity to use drugs.

Question 10

Incentive-sensitization theory

Answer 10

A two-stage explanation of addiction:
(1) various substances alter brain organization and function, and
(2) these altered brain systems affect behavior in situations involving motivation and reward.

Question 11

Cognitive-deficits model

Answer 11

A model of addiction that integrates physiological and cognitive factors, this model is based on the idea that repeat, chronic drug use results in abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, impairing judgment, decision making, and impulse control.

Question 12

Motivational interviewing

Answer 12

A brief intervention for substance abuse incorporating aspects of motivational psychology, client-centered therapy, and stages-of-change theory.

Question 13

Psychosis

Answer 13

A thought disorder involving a loss of contact with reality; delusions or hallucinations are examples of psychotic experiences.

Question 14

Prodrome

Answer 14

The period of time before the first episode of psychosis.