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AP Biology 1200 > Chapter 6 -Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 -Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the protective functions of the integumentary system (6)

A
  1. fight against infection
  2. against UV and trauma
  3. against water loss
  4. maintains homeostasis
  5. in conjunction with nervous system sensory function
  6. in conjunction with muscle system communication
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2
Q

what is its biosynthetic function?

A

produce vit D and precursor called vit D3

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3
Q

what does dendritic immune cells (langerhans cell) in the skin do?

A

engulf envaders

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4
Q

what are antimicrobial peptides?

A

definsins and dermicin

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5
Q

presence of keratin in the skin does what

A

strong protein that provides abrasion resistance

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6
Q

how does the integumentary system accomplish protection against infection? (3)

A

dry: discourage growth of bacteria (pathogen grows in moist area)
acidic: ph of 5-6 not ideal for pathogen
physical barrier-wall: to pass desmosomes contribute

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7
Q

does the dermis have thermoreceptors?

A

yes, transmit signals back to the dermal blood vessels

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8
Q

how does sweat glands responds to cooling / keeping warm the body?

A

vasoconstriction : decrease heat loss

vasodilate: increase heat lost

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9
Q

integumentary system composed of (2)

A

accessory organs /cutaneous membrane

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10
Q

accessory organs composed of (3)

A

cutaneous gland, hair, nails

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11
Q

cutaneous membrane composed of (2)

A

dermis, epidermis (hypodermis)

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12
Q

define: dermis and epidermis

A

layers of skin

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13
Q

define: hypodermis

A

located below the skin

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14
Q

skin is composed of (2) two types of tissue

A

dermi/hypodermis : connective tissue and epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

epidermis consist of what type of cells (5)

A

stem cell, merkle tactile cell, dendritic/langerhan cells, melanocyte, and keratinocyte (most abundant) 85%

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16
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis from the bottom - up

A

stratum basale, stratum spinous, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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17
Q

epidermis

A

lines the surfaces outside organs and vessels, no blood vessels, avascular basement membrane, densely packed, cells closely packed together and overlies connect

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18
Q

how are organs determined? (4)

A

by tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous , muscle (ECoNoMy)

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19
Q

connective tissue

A

by comparison to epithelial has far fewer cells, more extracellular matrix, vascularized

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20
Q

dendrite Langerhans cells are found in?

A

stratum spinous and stratum granulosum (alert immune system with pathogens)

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21
Q

tactile merkel cells sense what?

A

touch (basal layer)

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22
Q

melanocytes occurs where?

A

basale synthesize melanin synthesize melanin keratinocytes phagocytize melanin and shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation

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23
Q

keratinocytes synthesize?

A

synthesize keratin (most abundant)

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24
Q

what is germinatinum?

A

mitosis skin reproduction daughter cells move upward making appearance diff /characteristic change and then sloth off 30-40 days

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25
Q

effectiveness of water barrier

A

trans-epidermal water loss, insensible water loss, cutaneous insensible perspiration ( all the same)

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26
Q

volume

A

apx 400ml evaporates past water barrier per day (humidity, air, temp)

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27
Q

characteristics

A

lipid, tight junctions between keratinocytes, water-insoluble protein inside keratinocyte membrane

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28
Q

thick characteristics of skin

A

extra layer lucidum, thicker stratum corneum

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29
Q

where is thick skin located

A

palm of hand, soles of feet where it does not have hair or associated structure like arrector pilli or sebaceous glands

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30
Q

epidermal growth occurs?

A

mainly at night (sleep is important)

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31
Q

how many days does it take for skin to slough off?

A

30-40 days from creation to sighing off as dander (Faster if skin is injured)

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32
Q

membrane filled with keratin in the epidermis is what?

A

dead

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33
Q

mechanical stress where there is faster accumulation of dead keratinocytes causes what?

A

calluses or corns

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34
Q

nutrients diffuse from where

A

dermis

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35
Q

epidermal growth factor EGF stimulates what? (3)

A

stem cell division, keratin production, gland secretion

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36
Q

cells of stratum corneum (20-30 layers) is composed of what?

A

top is dead, flattened membranous sacs, filled with keratin, surrounded by glycolipid water proofing

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37
Q

epidermal-dermal interface (2) composed of two layers

A
  1. interlocks -preventing slippage btwn layers epidermal ridge and dermal papillae 2. produces friction ridges
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38
Q

dermal layers consist of (2)

A

papillary layer: areolar tissue (mobility of leukocyte and defence mechanism) superficial
reticular layer: collagen fibers some adipocytes more protein, deeper

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39
Q

dermal key proteins

A

collagen: a very strong protein that limits the amount of stretch

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40
Q

cells of dermis (a fibrous connective tissue)

A

adipocytes : accumulate fat
myopithelial cells: contractile cells push sections through ducts
fibroblast: produce collagen, elastic and reticular fibres

41
Q

hypodermis (binds the skin to tissue) : areolar and adipose tissue adipose provides (3)

A
  1. cushioning, 2. insulation (thermal) 3. energy storage
42
Q

hypodermis composed of subcutaneous tissue which is highly vascular and absorbs

A

injection quickly

43
Q

skin colour is due to

A

melanin

44
Q

dark skin vs light skin

A

there are the same amount of melanocytes but faster melanin synthesis and slower break down

45
Q

melanin is packaged in vesicles called

A

melanosomes

46
Q

melanin protects what?

A

keratinocytes -cancer

47
Q

carotene is what?

A

yellow orange pigment (vit a precursor)

48
Q

where does carotene accumulate

A

in the stratum corneum and in dermal and hypodermal adipocytes (more visible where there is less melanin)

49
Q

carotinosis (or carotenoderma)

A

orange colour of skin

50
Q

hemoglobin is bright red what is it function?

A

carry oxygen in blood-vasodilate flushed hb makes the oxygen bright red

51
Q

skin features : friction ridges are?

A

visible pattern due to protruding dermal papillae in the fingers, palms, soles of our feet gives us finger prints

52
Q

flexion lines

A

skin folds due to underlying joint because of dermis tightly attached to deeper structures with little fatty tissue in-between (folds during flexion of joints)

53
Q

lines of cleavage

A

due to orientation of dermal collagen and elastic fibres, oriented to withstand normal stresses, clinical significance cuts parallel to lines close and heal better

54
Q

highly melanized area mole: aka

A

nevus usually raised

55
Q

freckle is

A

flat more than average amount of melanin

56
Q

hair (pilus) function

A

heat conservation, social functions appearance/scent trap, barrier (coarse vibrissa in nostrils, ear canals)

57
Q

pilus composed of

A

cuticle: uncoloured arranged like shingles interlock with follicle lining to resist pulling
cortex
medulla
(eumelanin) dark pigment brown black

58
Q

hair colour is due to

A

amount of eumelanin (dark pigment brown black) and pheomelanin

59
Q

hair matrix located where

A

hair bulb=mitotic

60
Q

lanugo (in utero)

A

very fine, unpigmented, lost before just after birth

61
Q

what is vellus?

A

fine unpigmented hair that covers most of the body

62
Q

terminal hair

A

longer, more coarse, pigmented grows axillary and pubic areas

63
Q

variations in hair shape

A

round in straight hair/oval wavy hair/ flat tight curls

64
Q

hair pigmentation

A

lack of pigment gives you white hair

65
Q

hair growth cycle in three phase

A

anlagen 6-8 years hair matrix begin lengthen (growth)
catagen 2-8 weeks hair matrix dies (detach) club hair follicle and bulb shrivel
telogen 1-3 mo end hair stops growing

66
Q 
nails terms
(A) nail plate
(b) nail bed 
(C)nail fold
(d)eponychium
(e) lunule
A

a. the nail
b. tissue under nail plate
c. skin at endless surrounds nail bed
d. cuticle
e. whitish crescent distal to cuticle where thick stratum basal hides underlying vessels

67
Q

how many hairs do you shed a day?

A

50-100 hairs/ day

68
Q

mecrocine secrete sweat through

A

pore in skin surface wet skin diaphoresis widely distributed (cool body)

69
Q

apocrine secrete sweat through

A

duct that empties into hair follicle and sweat secreted by arrector pilli (limited distribution around the body, axillae, areola, nipples, ear banana, eyelids nostrils, genitalia)

70
Q

aprocrine: bromhidrosis

A

bad body odour

71
Q

modified apocrine gland called mammary gland secretion is

A

richer to support and nourish young

72
Q

nail appearance is used for

A

diagnostic indicators of iron deficiency concave nail plate metabolic problem
nail clubbing long term oxygen deprivation

73
Q

increased blood flow exercise vasodilate; skin red

A

erythema

74
Q

oxygen deficiency rest problem or circulatory problem -skin blue

A

cyanosis

75
Q

decreased blood flow through skin anemia- pale

A

pallor

76
Q

lack of melanin due to functional exam converts tyrosine to melanin- white hair, pale skin pink eyes

A

albinism

77
Q

accumulation of high levels of bilirubin from liver disorder high rate of RBC breakdown

A

jaundice

78
Q

deficiency of glucocorticoid hormones from adrenal glands (addison disease) causing accumulation of ACTH MSH melanocyte stimulation hormone- golden brown colorr

A

bronzing

79
Q

mass of clotted bloodier tor trauma, bruise

A

hematoma

80
Q

autoimmune that damages melanocytes-localized lighting patches

A

vitiligo

81
Q

first degree damages

A

epidermis (redness suntan: swelling pain)

82
Q

second degree damages

A

epidermis and part of dermis (red, tan or white, blistered, very painful)

83
Q

third degree damages

A

epidermis, dermis and underlying tissue of hypodermic and beyond (regeneration can only be from edges of wound and therefore often requires skin graft)

84
Q

what happens in third degree damages

A

skin graft, vessels become leaky, water barrier gone, biggest danger is fluid loss replaced by IV and infection, dead tissue eschar can be toxic and must be removed by debridement

85
Q

skin cancer what is the common one least fatal?

A

basal cell carcinoma

86
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

may metastasize to lump nodes and therefore increase risk for fatality

87
Q

malignant melanoma

A

from melanocytes of predating mole highly metastatic and high risk. removed promptly

88
Q

melanoma characteristic

A 
Asymmetric
Border
Color variation (black brown blue)
Diameter >6 mm
Evolving (enlarging, changing)
89
Q

blister

A

elevated fluid filled between layers of epidermis, between epidermis and dermis could be from excessive friction fluid from cells move into space

90
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

bed sores on going compression on superficial blood vessels compromising nutrient supply (frequently turn)

91
Q

dermatitis

A

infl of skin bacterial viral agents, chemical irritant; lack of circulation

92
Q

psoriais

A

itchy dry patches covered silvery scales, movement of cells from stratum germinative basal of epidermis to stratum corneum leading to build up, immune attack on skin cells

93
Q

hemangioma

A

benign growth build up of dermal capillaries

94
Q

dermal damage

A

tears in dermis rapid weight gain STRIAE stretch marks

95
Q

hair related: alopecia

A

loss of hair

96
Q

hirsutism

A

over production of testosterone adrenal gland hair over production

97
Q

which layer is avascular

A

epidermis

98
Q

hair growth supported b nutrients derived from

A

dermal papilla

99
Q

hair growth is due to mitosis in what region

A

hair matrix

AP Biology 1200 (6 decks)

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