CHAPTER 6: Formulating the Hypothesis Flashcards
refers to the thesis, or main idea, of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables.
Hypothesis
a statement of predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related, but not a statement about cause and effect (relationship).
Non-Experimental Hypothesis
it is a statement that explains/predicts the “effect” of specific antecedent conditions on a measured behavior.
Experimental Hypothesis
a statement that is always true.
Analytic Statement
a statement that can be either true or false, a condition necessary to form an experimental hypothesis.
Synthetic Statement
a statement that is always false - opposed each other. Need not to conduct experiments to test.
Contradictory Statement
a statement that can be tested because the means exist for manipulating antecedent conditions and for measuring the resulting behavior.
Testable Statement
a statement that is worded so that it is falsifiable, or disprovable, by experimental result/sresearch findings.
Falsified Statement
a statement that is simply and des not require many supporting assumptions.
Parsimonious Statement
a statement that leads to new studies.
Fruitful Statement
the process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles to form a hypothesis.
Inductive Model
more likely to be false
A posterior
process of generalization.
- we devise general principles and theories used to organize, explain and predict behavior until more satisfactory principles are found.
Induction/ Inductive reasoning
the process of reasoning from general principles to specific instances, most useful for testing the principles of theory.
- rigorously test the implications of these theories.
Deductive Model
is the knack of finding things that are not being sought.
Serendipity
a periodical that publishes individual research reports.
Psychological Journals
a statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many similar studies to summarize and quantify research findings about individual topics.
Meta-Analysis
it is not affected by anything else that happens in the experiment.
Independent Variable (IV)
a particular behavior we expect to change because of experimental intervention.
Dependent Variable (DV)
manipulating thru by giving subjects varying instruction leading them to believe that either they would be exposed and not to painful shock.
Anxiety
describes the operations involved in manipulating or measuring the variables in an experiment.
- it specifies the precise meaning of a variable within an experiment.
Operational Definition
it defines exactly what was done to create the various treatment conditions of the experiment.
Experimental Operational Definition
explain unseen processes postulated to explain observable behavior.
Hypothetical Constructs
it is equally important when we are working with variables that can be observed more directly.
Non construct Variables
it is important that we know hoe to defined scale of measurement in setting up experiments and formulating operational definitions.
Scales of Measurements
different observers take measurement of the same responses.
Interrater Reliability
comparing scores of people who have been measured twice with the same instrument.
Test - Retest Reliability
is the extent to which different parts of the questionnaire or other instruments designed to assess the same variable attain consistent result.
Inter - Item Reliability
often use multiple choice to check if they reliably measures the same variable.
Internal Consistency
often split the test into halves at random and compute the coefficient reliability and correlate items measuring on the same variable on two halves.
Split Half Reliability
the most widely used method for evaluating inter item reliability, considers the correlation of each test item with every other item.
Chronbach’s Alpha
it is the tests whose items are scored as right/wrong, or according to some other all-or-none system.
Coefficient Alpha/ Kuder Richardson
least likely to be a problem with variables that can be manipulated and measured fairly directly, it is the least stringent type of validity does not provide any real evidence.
Face Validity
depends on whether we are taking a fair simple of the quality we intend to measures.
Content Validity
is the predictive extend to which a scale predicts scores on some criterion measures.
Predictive Validity
compares scores on the measuring instrument with an outside criterion.
Concurrent Validity
deals with the transition from theory to research application.
Construct Validity
the test effectiveness in predicting behavior against a standard.
Criterion Related Validity
it is the certainty that the changes in behavior observed across treatment conditions in the experiment were actually caused by the independent variable.
Internal Validity
it is an outside event or occurrence that can produce effects on the dependent variable.
History Threat
produced by internal (psychological/physical) changes in subject as a function of the passage of time.
Maturation Threat
produced by a previous administration of the same test or other measures.
Testing Threat
produced by changes in the measuring instruments itself
Instrumentation Threat
occur when the subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of extreme scores on the test.
Statistical Regression Threat
occur when the researcher does not assign subjects randomly to the different conditions of an experiments.
Selection Threat
produced by differences in dropout rates across the conditions of the experiments.
Subject Mortality Threat
family of threats, produced when a selection threat combines with one or more of the other threats to interval validity.
Selecting Interaction Threat
pretest might increase or decrease the respondent’s sensitivity or responsiveness to the experimental variable.
Interaction Effect of Testing
interaction effect to the experimental variable; subjects selected are not susceptible to the effect of the experimental variable, the result will not be realizable to the larger group.
Selection Biases of Sampling
exact duplication of an investigation, but with a different sample selected from a popultaion.
Literal
duplication of investigation, using the same problem and methodology with some alteration in the procedures, measurement and analysis.
General Application
duplication of the investigation using the same problem but utilizing an entirely different methodology.
Triangulation
likely to occur whenever multiple treatments are applied to the same respondents, the effects to prior treatments are not erasable.
Multiple-Treatment Interference
