CHAPTER 1: Experimental Psychology

Question 1

the science of behaviour based on the scientific evidences (research) specifying conditions based on systematic observations whether to accept or reject alternative explanations of behaviors.

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

research about the psychological processes underlying behavior.

Answer 2

Psychological Science

Question 3

comes from the latin word “scientia” which simply means knowledge

Answer 3

Science

Question 4

2 Connotation of Science

Answer 4

1. Content
2. Process

Question 5

what we know, such as the facts we learn from any other disciplines.

Answer 5

Content

Question 6

activity that includes the systematic ways in which we go about gathering data, nothing relationships and offering relationship.

Answer 6

Process

Question 7

the scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate psychological data (the facts and the figures gathered in research studies).

Answer 7

Methodology

Question 8

non-scientific gathering of data that shapes our expectations and beliefs and direct our behaviors towards others.

Answer 8

Commonsense Psychology

Question 9

people’s tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting information that is consistent with their existing beliefs.

We believe onto something, tends to overlook distances that might disconfirm our beliefs, we seek instead confirmatory instances of behaviors.

Answer 9

Confirmation Bias

Question 10

also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy, occurs when an individual erroneously believes that a certain random event is less likely or more likely to happen based on the outcome of a previous event or series of events.

Answer 10

Gambler’s Fallacy

Question 11

referring to systematic, objective and unbiased account of observed characteristics of behaviors (eg. grief - crying)

Answer 11

Description

Question 12

capacity for knowing in advance when certain behaviors would be expected to occur.

Answer 12

Prediction

Question 13

understanding the causes to occur, includes the knowledge that reliably reproduce the occurence of behavior.

Answer 13

Explanation

Question 14

application of what has been learned about the behavior.

Answer 14

Control

Question 15

research psychologists share that there are specifiable reasons for the way people behave and these reasons can be discovered through research.

Answer 15

Determinism

Question 16

he was a philosopher of science who traced the development of science in his new classic book science and the modern world (1952).

Answer 16

Alfred North Whitehead

Question 17

data that are observable or experienced.

Answer 17

Empirical Data

Question 18

is in a systematic and orderly way is preferable to commonsense data collection but it cannot guarantee that the correct conclusion will be reached.

Answer 18

Gathering Empirical Data

Question 19

general scientific principles that explains our universe and predictable events.

Answer 19

Law

Question 20

a set of general principles that attempts to explain and predict behavior or other phenomena.

Answer 20

Theory

Question 21

a modern philosopher of science, wrote that science progresses only through progressively better theories. Old theories are replaced by new theories with greater explanatory power.

Answer 21

Karl Popper

Question 22

Organized and rational thought, characterized by open-mindedness, objectivity and parsimony; a principal tool of the scientific method.

• Scientist avoid letting private beliefs or expectations influences observation or conclusion.

Answer 22

Good Thinking

Question 23

also known as “Occam’s Razor”

• an aspect of good thinking, stating that the simplest explanation is preferred until ruled out by conflicting evidence.

Answer 23

Parsimony

Question 24

was a 14th century philosopher who cautioned us to stick to a basic premise. Proposed the principle of Parsimony sometimes called “Occam’s razor”.

• We must avoid making unnecessary assumption to support an argument or hypothesis. When two explanations are equally defensible. The simple explanation is preferred.

Answer 24

William Occam

Question 25

modern scientist accept the uncertainty of their own conclusion.

• The content of science changes as we acquire new scientific information and old information is re-evaluated in light of new facts.

Answer 25

Self - Correction

Question 26

the newer theory posits that observing violence triggers cognitive representation of aggressive behavior stored in memory in our own cognitive schemas.

Answer 26

Cognitive Priming Theory

Question 27

the process of repeating research procedures to verify that the outcomes will be the same as before; a principal tool of the scientific method.

Answer 27

Replication

Question 28

the number of scientific papers published each year in scientific journals is growing, and new journals are constantly being added in specialized disciplines.

Answer 28

Publicizing Results

Question 29

research that is designed to solve real - world problems (like helping patterns to deal with grief or improving employee morale).

Answer 29

Applied Research

Question 30

research designed to test theorists or to explain psychological phenomena.

Answer 30

Basic Research

Question 31

is the systematic noting and recording of events, only events that are observable can be studied scientifically.

Answer 31

Observation

Question 32

is assigning numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to conventional rules.

Answer 32

Measurement

Question 33

process undertaken to show that certain kind of events are predictable under certain specifiable situations.

Answer 33

Experimentation

Question 34

capable of being tested; typically used in references to a hypothesis.

Answer 34

Testable

Question 35

a specific set of antecedent conditions create by the experiments and presented to subjects to test its effects on behavior.

Answer 35

Treatment

Question 36

father of modern experimental psychology

• Established the 1st anthropometric lab in Leipzig, Germany. (Incorporating observation, measurement and experimentation to study human sensory experience using scientific instruments)

Answer 36

William Wudnt

Question 37

all circumstances that occur or exist before the event or behavior to be explained; also called antecedents.

Answer 37

Antecedent Conditions

Question 38

it means specifying the antecedents conditions of an events or behavior. These are the circumstances that come before the event or behavior that we want to explain.

Answer 38

Identifying Antecedent Conditions

Question 39

creates specific sets of antecedents conditions that we can treat. We compare different treatment conditions so that we can test our explanations of behaviors systematically and scientifically.

Answer 39

Comparing Conditions

Question 40

is a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects.

• the subject behaviors are then measured and compared to test a hypothesis about the effect of those treatments on behavior.

Answer 40

The Psychology Experiment

Question 41

the relation between a particular behavior and a set of antecedents that always preceds it - whereas other antecedents do not - so that the set is inferred to cause the behavior.

Answer 41

Cause and Effect Relationship

Question 42

a type of cause and effect relationship we establish through experiments. We give subjects and various instructions then see how they behave.

Answer 42

Temporal Relationship

Question 43

a field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific but has no true (false) scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the tools of the scientific method: observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Answer 43

Pseudoscience

Question 44

assessing traits and disposition based on the bumps of the skull

Answer 44

Phrenology

Question 45

study of facial features

Answer 45

Physiognomy

Question 46

palm reading

Answer 46

Palmistry

Question 47

penmanship; handwriting analysis;

• method of determining one’s behavior based on one’s writing.

Answer 47

Graphology

Question 48

based on the magnetic forces embedded in the body fluids (hypnotism)

Answer 48

Mesmerism

Question 49

purported contact with ghost and spirits of the dead.

Answer 49

Spiritualism

Question 50

responsible for making Psych as a “science”

Answer 50

Herbart