CHAPTER 5: Correlation and Quasi - Experimental Design

Question 1

causing or producing the effect.

Answer 1

Causation

Question 2

It is used to establish relationship among preexisting behavior. It can show the relationships between sets of antecedent conditions and behavior.

Answer 2

Correlational Design

Question 3

It is a design that is used to determine the correlation, or degree of relationship, between two traits, behavior, or events.

Answer 3

Correlation Study

Question 4

is any observable behavior, characteristics, or event that can vary or have different values.

Answer 4

Variable

Question 5

It is the relationships between pairs of scores from each subject.

Answer 5

Simple Correlation

Question 6

is the most commonly used procedures for calculating simple correlations.

Answer 6

Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r)

Question 7

shows the scores on one variable plotted against scores on a second variable.

Answer 7

Scatterplot

Question 8

it is the line that is drawn on the scatterplots and it measures scores. The direction of the line corresponds to the direction of relationship (positive or negative).

Answer 8

Regression Line (lines of best fit)

Question 9

Correlation does not imply causation

Answer 9

even though a relationship exists between two measures, we cannot say that one causes the other, even when such statement is reasonable.

Question 10

means a behavior could affect each other.

Answer 10

Bidirectional Causation

Question 11

third agent may actually be causing to behaviors appear to be related.

Answer 11

Third Variable Problem

Question 12

estimates the amount of variability scores on one variable that can be explained by the other variable.

Answer 12

Coefficient of Determination

Question 13

determines the degree of relation between two variables.

Answer 13

Multiple Correlation

Question 14

uses regression equation to predict scores on one variable from scores on the second correlated variable.

Answer 14

Linear Regression Analysis

Question 15

uses regression equation on one variable from scores on sets of other variables.

• represents “R”

Answer 15

Multiple Regression

Question 16

determines the subsets of correlated variables within a larger set of variable.

Answer 16

Factor Analysis

Question 17

uses beta weights from multiple regression analysis to generate possible direction of cause and effect from correlated variables.

Answer 17

Path Analysis

Question 18

measures the same pair if variables at two different points in time, looks at patterns of correlation across time for possible direction of cause and effect.

Answer 18

Cross-lagged Panel

Question 19

• after the fact in the effect
• is a study in which the researcher systematically examines the effects of subject characteristics but without actually manipulating them.
• capitalizes on changes in the antecedent conditions that occurred before the study.

Answer 19

Ex Post Facto

Question 20

are collected for each item or variable for one or more time periods

Answer 20

Data

Question 21

involves some comparison of data between or among periods.

Answer 21

Analysis

Question 22

investigates changes across time by comparing groups of subjects already at different stage at a “single point” in time.

Answer 22

Cross-sectional Study

Question 23

investigates changes occur time by measuring behavior of same group of subjects at different point in time. (long term studies)

Answer 23

Longitudinal

Question 24

it is a threat to internal validity are not completely controlled because the comparison group is taken from another population and is unlikely to be equivalent to the treatment group.

Answer 24

Non-equivalent control group design

Question 25

it is often used to assess the effect of naturally occurring events when a true experiment is not possible; sometimes such a design is used in a laboratory studies, but it is a number of problems that reduce its internal validity.

Answer 25

Pretest-Posttest design

Question 26

a group that took both the pretest and posttest but was not exposed to the “treatment” this design has been called “the old workhorse of traditional experimentation”.

Answer 26

Non equivalent control group