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Pathophysiology > Chapter 6- Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Why is water important to the body?

A

Water is the medium within which metabolic reactions and other processes take place. It also comprises the transportation system for the body.

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2
Q

What happens to the body without adequate fluid?

A

Without adequate fluid, cells cannot continue to function, and death results. Fluid also facilitates movement of body parts for example the joints and lungs.

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3
Q

What is the fluid balance for the body?

A

The amount of fluids gained through intake must equal the amount lost

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4
Q

How much of an adults weight consists of water?

A

60%

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5
Q

How much of an infants weight consists of water?

A

70%

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6
Q

What is water distributed between?

A

Intracellular and extracellular

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7
Q

What is intracellular?

A

ICF fluid inside the cells

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8
Q

What is extracellular?

A

CF fluid outside the cells. Ex: Intravascular fluid or blood, interstitial fluid.

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9
Q

Is water intracellular, extracellular, or both?

A

Both

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10
Q

How does water help the body?

A

It helps with homeostasis, metabolic reactions, joint movement, and it acts as a transportation system.

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11
Q

Where do transcellular fluids show up?

A

Transcellular fluids present in various secretions, such as those in the pericardial (heart) or the synovial cavities of the joints

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12
Q

How is fluid added to the body?

A

Fluid is added to the body through ingestion of solid food and fluids and as a product of cell metabolism.

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13
Q

How is fluid lost from the body?

A

Fluid is lost in the urine and feces as well as through skin (perspiration) and exhaled air.

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14
Q

What are three ways that fluid imbalance can be controlled?

A

The thirst mechanism, Antidiuretic hormones, and Aldosterone.

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15
Q

What controls the thirst mechanism?

A

The Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What do antidiuretic hormones do?

A

controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine, ADH promotes reabsorption of water into the blood from the kidney tubules

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17
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

controls reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubules

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18
Q

How does water move between the blood and interstitial compartments?

A

Hydrostatic pressure or Osmotic pressure

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19
Q

What is Hydrostatic pressure viewed as?

A

A push

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20
Q

What is Osmotic pressure viewed as?

A

A pull

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21
Q

What happens if hydrostatic or osmotic pressure changes?

A

Changes in the either the force will alter fluid movement and volume in the compartments

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22
Q

What is edema?

A

excessive fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes swelling including the cells.

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23
Q

What causes edema?

A

Causes of Edema related to increased in hydrostatic pressure include increased blood volume (hypervolemia) associated with kidney failure, pregnancy, CHF, or administration of fluids Loss of plasma proteins (albumin). i.e. burns, kidney disease,Obstruction of lymphatic circulation; localized edema
Increased capillary permeability; inflammatory response

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24
Q

What are effects of edema?

A

localized swelling, pitting edema, weight gain, functional impairment, pain, impaired arterial blood flow.

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25
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

presence of excess interstitial fluid which moves aside when firm pressure is applied by the fingers, a depression or “pit” remains after the finger is removed

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26
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Insufficient body fluid resulting either from inadequate intake or excessive loss of fluids or a combination of the two

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27
Q

A mild deficit is defined as a decrease of what percentage of body weight?

A

2%

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28
Q

A moderate deficit is defined as a decrease of what percentage of body weight?

A

5%

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29
Q

Severe dehydration is defined as a decrease of what percentage of body weight?

A

8%

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30
Q

What is lost with water loss?

A

Electrolytes

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31
Q

What are causes of dehydration?

A

vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis, low water intake in the elderly.

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32
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

ketoacidosis-serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces very high levels of blood acids called ketones. It develops when your have little insulin in the body.

33
Q

What are effects of dehydration?

A

Dry skin and mucus membranes skin turgor is reduced(elasticity)
Low BP, weak pulse, fatigue
Increase in hematocrit(higher proportion of red blood cells compared to water in the blood.

34
Q

How does the body attempt to compensate for fluid loss?

A 
Thirst
Tachycardia
Vasoconstriction-leading to pale and cool skin
Decrease urine output
Confusion and loss of consciousness
35
Q

What is third spacing?

A

Spacing-fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid. Ex. Peritonitis, Inflammation & Infection of the peritoneal membranes, and burns.

36
Q

What are the results of third spacing?

A

a fluid deficit in the vascular compartment and a fluid excess in the interstitial space.

37
Q

How can third spacing be diagnosed?

A

Laboratory tests such as hematocrit and electrolyte will indicate third spacing

38
Q

What are routine tests for electrolytes?

A 
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
39
Q

How are sodium levels controlled in the body?

A

Sodium levels in the body are primarily controlled by the kidneys through the action of aldosterone.

40
Q

Why is sodium important?

A

Sodium is important for the maintenance of extracellular fluid volume through its effect osmotic pressure because it makes up roughly 90% of the solute in extracellular fluid

41
Q

When can the serum sodium level be high?

A

If an patient loses more water than sodium in perspiration the serum sodium level may be high.

42
Q

What are common causes of low serum sodium?

A 
Excessive sweating
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Diuretic drugs
Hormonal imbalance
Early Chronic Renal Failure
Excessive water intake
43
Q

What is Hyponatremia?

A

a sodium deficiency in relation to the amount of water in the body. Sodium levels less than 135 mEq/L

44
Q

When can coma develop in terms of serum sodium loss?

A

If levels drop to 110 mEq/L

45
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

excess of sodium relative to the amount of water in the body

46
Q

What are some results of Hypernatremia?

A

Seizures
Coma
Permanent neurologic damage

47
Q

Who is at risk for Hypernatremia?

A

Infants, elderly, immobile, and comatose

48
Q

What does potassium do for the body?

A

Assists skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and electrical conductivity
Aids neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses

49
Q

What is the normal range for potassium in the body?

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

50
Q

What is Hypokalemia?

A

serum potassium levels less than 3.5 mEq/L

51
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia?

A

Skeletal muscle weakness, constipation, numbness, orthostatic hypotension, anorexia, nausea, polyuria, vomiting, leg cramps

52
Q

What are some treatments for Hypokalemia?

A

High-potassium diet
Oral potassium supplements
I.V. potassium therapy

53
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

The most dangerous electrolyte disorder

54
Q

What is the normal range for Hyperkalemia?

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

55
Q

What is the dangerous range for Hyperkalemia?

A

Serum levels rises above 5 mEq/L if levels reach over 7 mEq/L cardiac arrhythmias could occur and lead to cardiac arrest

56
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

A 
Abdominal cramping
Diarrhea
Hypotension
Irregular pulse rate
Nausea
Muscle weakness
57
Q

What are some treatments for Hyperkalemia?

A 
Mild cases- diuretics
Severe cases-
Insulin
Dialysis
Calcium
58
Q

What are calcium levels affected by?

A

Calcium level is affected by dietary intake and existing stores of calcium in the body.

59
Q

What promotes calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption from intestines, reabsorption from bone and reabsorption by kidneys to increase the calcium levels

60
Q

What is the normal range for calcium?

A

4.4 to 5.3 mg/dl

61
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

occurs when a person doesn’t take in enough calcium, when the body doesn’t absorb the mineral properly, or when excessive amounts of calcium are lost from the body.

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A 
Anxiety
Confusion
Irritability
Decreased cardiac output
Arrhythmias
Tremors
Twitching
63
Q

What are some treatments for hypocalcemia?

A

I.V. Calcium chloride

Vitamin D supplements

64
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

a common metabolic emergency that occurs when serum calcium level rises above 10.1mg/dl

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac
Nervous system
Depression, confusion, hypertension, polyuria

66
Q

What are some treatments for hypercalcemia?

A

Hydration
Diuretics
Decreased calcium intake
Corticosteroids

67
Q

What does magnesium do?

A

Promotes enzyme reactions within the cell during carbohydrate metabolism
Influences vasodilation and irritability of cardiac muscles thereby helping the cardiovascular system function normally

68
Q

What is hypomagnesemia?

A

level falls below 1.5mEq/L

69
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A 
Altered LOC
Ataxia
Confusion
Depression
Seizures
Vertigo
70
Q

What are some treatments for hypomagnesemia?

A

Change in diet

Oral or I.V. magnesium replacement

71
Q

What is hypermagnesemia?

A

occurs when serum levels are greater than 2.5 mEq/L

72
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

A

Weakness, drowsiness, facial parenthesis, respiratory arrest, and arrhythmias

73
Q

What are some treatments for hypermagnesemia?

A

Oral or I.V. fluids

74
Q

What is the acid-base imbalance?

A

essential to homeostasis because cell enzymes can function only within a very narrow pH range

75
Q

What is the normal PH range for the acid-base imbalance?

A

Normal serum pH range is 7.35-7.45

76
Q

What is the dangerous PH range for the acid-base imbalance?

A

Death results if serum pH is below 6.8 or above 7.8

77
Q

What does a PH below 7.4 cause?

A

Acidosis

78
Q

What does a PH above 7.4 cause?

A

Alkalosis

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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