Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Chapter 6- Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Why is water important to the body?

A

Water is the medium within which metabolic reactions and other processes take place. It also comprises the transportation system for the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to the body without adequate fluid?

A

Without adequate fluid, cells cannot continue to function, and death results. Fluid also facilitates movement of body parts for example the joints and lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the fluid balance for the body?

A

The amount of fluids gained through intake must equal the amount lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much of an adults weight consists of water?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much of an infants weight consists of water?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is water distributed between?

A

Intracellular and extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is intracellular?

A

ICF fluid inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is extracellular?

A

CF fluid outside the cells. Ex: Intravascular fluid or blood, interstitial fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is water intracellular, extracellular, or both?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does water help the body?

A

It helps with homeostasis, metabolic reactions, joint movement, and it acts as a transportation system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do transcellular fluids show up?

A

Transcellular fluids present in various secretions, such as those in the pericardial (heart) or the synovial cavities of the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is fluid added to the body?

A

Fluid is added to the body through ingestion of solid food and fluids and as a product of cell metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is fluid lost from the body?

A

Fluid is lost in the urine and feces as well as through skin (perspiration) and exhaled air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are three ways that fluid imbalance can be controlled?

A

The thirst mechanism, Antidiuretic hormones, and Aldosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What controls the thirst mechanism?

A

The Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do antidiuretic hormones do?

A

controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine, ADH promotes reabsorption of water into the blood from the kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

controls reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does water move between the blood and interstitial compartments?

A

Hydrostatic pressure or Osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Hydrostatic pressure viewed as?

A

A push

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Osmotic pressure viewed as?

A

A pull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens if hydrostatic or osmotic pressure changes?

A

Changes in the either the force will alter fluid movement and volume in the compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is edema?

A

excessive fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes swelling including the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes edema?

A

Causes of Edema related to increased in hydrostatic pressure include increased blood volume (hypervolemia) associated with kidney failure, pregnancy, CHF, or administration of fluids Loss of plasma proteins (albumin). i.e. burns, kidney disease,Obstruction of lymphatic circulation; localized edema
Increased capillary permeability; inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are effects of edema?

A

localized swelling, pitting edema, weight gain, functional impairment, pain, impaired arterial blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is pitting edema?
presence of excess interstitial fluid which moves aside when firm pressure is applied by the fingers, a depression or “pit” remains after the finger is removed
26
What is dehydration?
Insufficient body fluid resulting either from inadequate intake or excessive loss of fluids or a combination of the two
27
A mild deficit is defined as a decrease of what percentage of body weight?
2%
28
A moderate deficit is defined as a decrease of what percentage of body weight?
5%
29
Severe dehydration is defined as a decrease of what percentage of body weight?
8%
30
What is lost with water loss?
Electrolytes
31
What are causes of dehydration?
vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis, low water intake in the elderly.
32
What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
ketoacidosis-serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces very high levels of blood acids called ketones. It develops when your have little insulin in the body.
33
What are effects of dehydration?
Dry skin and mucus membranes skin turgor is reduced(elasticity) Low BP, weak pulse, fatigue Increase in hematocrit(higher proportion of red blood cells compared to water in the blood.
34
How does the body attempt to compensate for fluid loss?
``` Thirst Tachycardia Vasoconstriction-leading to pale and cool skin Decrease urine output Confusion and loss of consciousness ```
35
What is third spacing?
Spacing-fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid. Ex. Peritonitis, Inflammation & Infection of the peritoneal membranes, and burns.
36
What are the results of third spacing?
a fluid deficit in the vascular compartment and a fluid excess in the interstitial space.
37
How can third spacing be diagnosed?
Laboratory tests such as hematocrit and electrolyte will indicate third spacing
38
What are routine tests for electrolytes?
``` Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride ```
39
How are sodium levels controlled in the body?
Sodium levels in the body are primarily controlled by the kidneys through the action of aldosterone.
40
Why is sodium important?
Sodium is important for the maintenance of extracellular fluid volume through its effect osmotic pressure because it makes up roughly 90% of the solute in extracellular fluid
41
When can the serum sodium level be high?
If an patient loses more water than sodium in perspiration the serum sodium level may be high.
42
What are common causes of low serum sodium?
``` Excessive sweating Vomiting Diarrhea Diuretic drugs Hormonal imbalance Early Chronic Renal Failure Excessive water intake ```
43
What is Hyponatremia?
a sodium deficiency in relation to the amount of water in the body. Sodium levels less than 135 mEq/L
44
When can coma develop in terms of serum sodium loss?
If levels drop to 110 mEq/L
45
What is Hypernatremia?
excess of sodium relative to the amount of water in the body
46
What are some results of Hypernatremia?
Seizures Coma Permanent neurologic damage
47
Who is at risk for Hypernatremia?
Infants, elderly, immobile, and comatose
48
What does potassium do for the body?
Assists skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and electrical conductivity Aids neuromuscular transmission of nerve impulses
49
What is the normal range for potassium in the body?
3.5 to 5 mEq/L
50
What is Hypokalemia?
serum potassium levels less than 3.5 mEq/L
51
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia?
Skeletal muscle weakness, constipation, numbness, orthostatic hypotension, anorexia, nausea, polyuria, vomiting, leg cramps
52
What are some treatments for Hypokalemia?
High-potassium diet Oral potassium supplements I.V. potassium therapy
53
What is Hyperkalemia?
The most dangerous electrolyte disorder
54
What is the normal range for Hyperkalemia?
3.5 to 5 mEq/L
55
What is the dangerous range for Hyperkalemia?
Serum levels rises above 5 mEq/L if levels reach over 7 mEq/L cardiac arrhythmias could occur and lead to cardiac arrest
56
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia?
``` Abdominal cramping Diarrhea Hypotension Irregular pulse rate Nausea Muscle weakness ```
57
What are some treatments for Hyperkalemia?
``` Mild cases- diuretics Severe cases- Insulin Dialysis Calcium ```
58
What are calcium levels affected by?
Calcium level is affected by dietary intake and existing stores of calcium in the body.
59
What promotes calcium absorption?
Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption from intestines, reabsorption from bone and reabsorption by kidneys to increase the calcium levels
60
What is the normal range for calcium?
4.4 to 5.3 mg/dl
61
What is hypocalcemia?
occurs when a person doesn’t take in enough calcium, when the body doesn’t absorb the mineral properly, or when excessive amounts of calcium are lost from the body.
62
What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?
``` Anxiety Confusion Irritability Decreased cardiac output Arrhythmias Tremors Twitching ```
63
What are some treatments for hypocalcemia?
I.V. Calcium chloride | Vitamin D supplements
64
What is hypercalcemia?
a common metabolic emergency that occurs when serum calcium level rises above 10.1mg/dl
65
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Skeletal muscle Cardiac Nervous system Depression, confusion, hypertension, polyuria
66
What are some treatments for hypercalcemia?
Hydration Diuretics Decreased calcium intake Corticosteroids
67
What does magnesium do?
Promotes enzyme reactions within the cell during carbohydrate metabolism Influences vasodilation and irritability of cardiac muscles thereby helping the cardiovascular system function normally
68
What is hypomagnesemia?
level falls below 1.5mEq/L
69
What are some signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
``` Altered LOC Ataxia Confusion Depression Seizures Vertigo ```
70
What are some treatments for hypomagnesemia?
Change in diet | Oral or I.V. magnesium replacement
71
What is hypermagnesemia?
occurs when serum levels are greater than 2.5 mEq/L
72
What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
Weakness, drowsiness, facial parenthesis, respiratory arrest, and arrhythmias
73
What are some treatments for hypermagnesemia?
Oral or I.V. fluids
74
What is the acid-base imbalance?
essential to homeostasis because cell enzymes can function only within a very narrow pH range
75
What is the normal PH range for the acid-base imbalance?
Normal serum pH range is 7.35-7.45
76
What is the dangerous PH range for the acid-base imbalance?
Death results if serum pH is below 6.8 or above 7.8
77
What does a PH below 7.4 cause?
Acidosis
78
What does a PH above 7.4 cause?
Alkalosis

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions