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Pathophysiology > Chapter 5- Neoplasm > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

What does Malignant mean?

A 
Rapid Growth
Undifferentiated
No Capsule
Metastasis
Cells not adhesive, infiltrate tissue
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2
Q

What does Benign mean?

A

Differentiated
Relatively slow growing
Tumor does not infiltrate
Does not spread

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3
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process whereby proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cell types. Ex. RBC

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4
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialized cell

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5
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

cells reverting to immature state (bad cell formation)

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6
Q

-oma

A

The suffix for benign tumors

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7
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

malignant flesh tumor (connective tissue)

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8
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Cancerous tumor

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9
Q

What does un or dedifferentiated mean?

A

reverting to a less developed state (highly malignant)

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10
Q

What are tumor/protein markers?

A

antigens from tumors cells or substance released from normal cells in response to the presence of a tumor.

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11
Q

What are examples of tumor/protein markers?

A

PSA (prostate specific antigen), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), CEA- gastrointestinal)

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12
Q

What is TNM?

A

T- Tumor (indicates either size or extent of spread)
N- Node (spread to axillary lymph nodes)
M- Metastasis

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13
Q

What is CA in Situ?

A

Localized tumor (sleeping bear)

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14
Q

What is grading?

A

degree of maturity or differentiation of the malignant cells (higher the grade the more severe)

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15
Q

What is a Grade I tumor?

A

No atypical cells present. Negative.

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16
Q

What is a Grade II tumor?

A

Atypical cells presents but without malignant features. Negative.

17
Q

What is a Grade III tumor?

A

Abnormal cells suggestive of malignancy. Suspicious.

18
Q

What is a grade IV tumor?

A

Abnormal cells fairly conclusive for malignancy. Positive.

19
Q

What is a grade V tumor?

A

Abnormal cells conclusive for malignancy. Positive.

20
Q

What is the staging of tumors?

A

A systematic measurement of the size of primary tumors and their spread to local and distant sites.

21
Q

What are the systemic effects of a malignant tumor?

A 
Weight loss
Anemia
Infections such as pneumonia
Bleeding may occur
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Cachexia- wasting , loss of weight, fatigue
22
Q

What are the local effects of tumors?

A

Pain
Obstruction
Ulceration
Necrosis

23
Q

What are some diagnostic tests to find tumors?

A

Blood Tests
Tumor Markers
X-ray, ultrasounds, MRI, CT

24
Q

What are some treatments for tumors?

A

Chemotherapy (Protocol)
Radiation (external beam) (Internal- seeds, rods) Breast cancer uses external beam given for 7 weeks of treatment (radioisotope)
Surgery- Radical Mastectomy- removal of entire breast
Palliative

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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