Chapter 5- Neoplasm Flashcards
What does Malignant mean?
Rapid Growth Undifferentiated No Capsule Metastasis Cells not adhesive, infiltrate tissue
What does Benign mean?
Differentiated
Relatively slow growing
Tumor does not infiltrate
Does not spread
What is differentiation?
the process whereby proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cell types. Ex. RBC
What is a stem cell?
An unspecialized cell
What is anaplasia?
cells reverting to immature state (bad cell formation)
-oma
The suffix for benign tumors
What is sarcoma?
malignant flesh tumor (connective tissue)
What is carcinoma?
Cancerous tumor
What does un or dedifferentiated mean?
reverting to a less developed state (highly malignant)
What are tumor/protein markers?
antigens from tumors cells or substance released from normal cells in response to the presence of a tumor.
What are examples of tumor/protein markers?
PSA (prostate specific antigen), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), CEA- gastrointestinal)
What is TNM?
T- Tumor (indicates either size or extent of spread)
N- Node (spread to axillary lymph nodes)
M- Metastasis
What is CA in Situ?
Localized tumor (sleeping bear)
What is grading?
degree of maturity or differentiation of the malignant cells (higher the grade the more severe)
What is a Grade I tumor?
No atypical cells present. Negative.
What is a Grade II tumor?
Atypical cells presents but without malignant features. Negative.
What is a Grade III tumor?
Abnormal cells suggestive of malignancy. Suspicious.
What is a grade IV tumor?
Abnormal cells fairly conclusive for malignancy. Positive.
What is a grade V tumor?
Abnormal cells conclusive for malignancy. Positive.
What is the staging of tumors?
A systematic measurement of the size of primary tumors and their spread to local and distant sites.
What are the systemic effects of a malignant tumor?
Weight loss Anemia Infections such as pneumonia Bleeding may occur Paraneoplastic syndromes Cachexia- wasting , loss of weight, fatigue
What are the local effects of tumors?
Pain
Obstruction
Ulceration
Necrosis
What are some diagnostic tests to find tumors?
Blood Tests
Tumor Markers
X-ray, ultrasounds, MRI, CT
What are some treatments for tumors?
Chemotherapy (Protocol)
Radiation (external beam) (Internal- seeds, rods) Breast cancer uses external beam given for 7 weeks of treatment (radioisotope)
Surgery- Radical Mastectomy- removal of entire breast
Palliative
