Ch. 1 & 2 Quiz Flashcards
What is Pathophysiology?
Involves the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes.
What is Homeostasis?
a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the various control mechanisms.
What does gross mean?
visually view by the naked eye.
What does microscopic mean?
visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope.
What is a biopsy?
Excision of very small amounts of living tissue, surgical specimens. Establishing the cause of disease (pathology reports).
What is an autopsy?
Examination after death.
What is a differential diagnosis?
identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests.
What is Etiology?
Study of disease.
What does idiopathic mean?
when the cause of the disease is unknown.
What does iatrogenic mean?
condition caused by treatment of the disease
What is pathogenesis?
sequence of events leading from cause to biochemical, morphological (visible) and or functional abnormalities to manifestations of disease.
What does acute meant?
a disease that has rapid onset and relatively short duration. (strep throat)
What does chronic mean?
disease that lasts a long time often a lifetime ( COPD, Diabetes)
What is pathology?
study of disease
What is a disease?
a structural or functional change within the body judge to be abnormal (disorder, syndrome, BP= over 140/90 more than one reading in order to be hypertension)
What is mortality rate?
the number of deaths per 100,000 per year by a specific disease Example: Breast Cancer
What is incidence?
a measure of the number of newly diagnosed patients in a given time period usually a year.
What is prevalence?
number of persons with a given disease any one point in time
What is Leukocytosis?
increase of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood
What is morbidity rate?
Frequency of disability within a population from a specific disease
What is necrosis?
death of cells or tissue in a localized area
What is ischemia?
localized hypoxia due to poor blood flow(holding back blood). decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, due to circulatory obstruction
What is a nosocomial infection?
hospital acquired infection
What are signs and symptoms also known as?
manifestations
What are signs?
manifestations noted by observation ex: swelling, redness, fever, rash
What are symptoms?
subjective complaint so stated by the patient ex. Pain, dizziness, nausea
What is remission?
S&S goes away or lesson
What is exacerbation (relapse)?
S&S return and they may be worse
What is palliative care?
supportive care to make the patient comfortable
What is atrophy?
decrease in the size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass. (wearing a cast)
What is hypertrophy?
increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
What is hyperplasia?
increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass ex. goiter
What is metaplasia?
a mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. This change may result from a deficit of vitamin A. (Change in cell structure which not always is bad) Ex. Callus
What is dysplasia?
cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present which can result in precancerous change (ex. Routine screening tests for atypical cells such as the Pap smear)
What is anaplasia?
cells that are undifferentiated, anaplasia is a characteristic of cancer and is the basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor.
What is neoplasm?
“new growth” benign and malignant
What is apoptosis?
refers to programmed cell death, (dead skin) a normal occurrence in the body associated with aging
What is liquefaction necrosis?
process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes
What is coagulative necrosis?
occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured. Ex. Myocardial infarction when a lack of oxygen causes cell death
What is fat necrosis?
occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection
What is infarction?
cells lack of oxygen Ex. When part of the heart muscle is infarcted or dies, that area can no longer contract to pump blood
What is gangrene?
refers to an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
What are the types of gangrene?
Wet, dry and gas
What is a congenital condition?
defects present at birth
What are acquired defects?
those defects that occur by events after birth
What is morphology?
structure or form of cells or tissues
What is histology?
Study of cells and tissues
What is a lesion?
pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a tissue or organ
What is the first line of defense in inflammation?
The mechanical barrier. Skin, mucous membranes, secretions.
What is the second line of defense in inflammation?
(nonspecific) Protects against viruses. Ex: Phyagocytosis and inflammation.
What is the third line of defense in inflammation?
Specific. Ex: The immune system.
What is inflammation?
the body’s nonspecific response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth and pain, and perhaps loss of function.
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
What is exudate?
refers to a collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area.
What is serous exudate?
watery exudates consists primarily of fluid with small amounts of protein and white blood cells. Ex. Allergic reactions or burns
What is fibrinous exudate?
exudates are thick and sticky and have a high cell and fibrin content. Ex. Whooping cough
What is purulent exudate?
thick, yellow-green in color and contain more leukocytes and cell debris as well as microorganisms. This type of exudate indicates bacterial infection Ex. Pus
What is an abscess?
localized pocket of purulent exudate or pus in a solid tissue
What are systemic effects?
other general manifestations of inflammation that include mild fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, and anorexia.
How serious can a fever/pyrexia be in inflammation?
low grade or mild is common if inflammation is extensive .
What is afebrile?
without fever/no fever
What is the WBC with differential test for inflammation?
helps distinguish between a viral or bacterial
What is ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) aka sedimentation rate?
It is a common hematology test and is a non-specific measure of inflammation. To perform the test, anticoagulated blood is placed in an upright tube and the rate at which the red blood cells fall is measured and reported.
What is CRP- C reactive protein?
a protein not normally in the blood but appears with acute inflammation and necrosis within 24-48 hours
What are cell enzymes?
Released from necrotic cells and enter tissue fluids and blood; may indicate the site of inflammation
What are the end results of inflammation?
infection, ulcers, spasm, chronic inflammation (scar tissue)
What are the treatments for inflammation?
Asperin, Acetaminophen, Corticosteroids, NSAIDS, RICE, PT, Exercise
What are NSAIDS?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs- Ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin
What does RICE stand for?
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation- Cold applications are useful in the early stages of acute inflammation. Applications of cold causes local vasoconstriction, thereby decreasing edema and pain.
What is resolution, in terms of healing?
the process that occurs when there is minimal damage. The damaged cells recover, and the tissue returns to normal within a short period of time for example, after a mild sunburn
What is regeneration, in terms of healing?
the healing process that occurs in damaged tissue in which the cells are capable of mitosis. Some types of cells for example epithelial cells are constantly replicating, whereas other cells such as hepatocytes in the liver are able to undergo mitosis when necessary.
What is replacement, in terms of healing?
by connective tissue (scar and fibrous tissue formation) takes place when there is extensive tissue damage or the cells are incapable of mitosis; for example the brain or myocardium
What is healing by first intention?
the process involved when the wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrotic tissue, and the edges of it are held close together creating a minimal gap between the edges
What is the healing process?
The process of tissue repair begins following injury when a blood clot forms and seals the area. Inflammation develops in the surrounding area. After 3 to 4 days, foreign material and cell debris had been removed by phagocytes, monocytes, and macrophages and then granulation tissue grows into the gap from nearby connective tissue.
What are adhesions?
bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces are normally separated. Common examples are adhesions between loops of intestine and between the pleural membranes. Such adhesions usually result from inflammation or infection in the body cavities. Adhesions prevent normal movement of the structures and may eventually cause distortion or twisting of the tissue.
